AI Search

import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack";

const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" });

const response = await jigsaw.web.search({
  "query": "What is the capital of France?"
})

from jigsawstack import JigsawStack

jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key")

response = jigsaw.web.search({
  "query": "What is the capital of France?"
})

curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search \
-X POST \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \
-d '{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}'

<?php
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, 'https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, 'POST');
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
'Content-Type: application/json',
'x-api-key: your-api-key',
]);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, '{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}');

$response = curl_exec($ch);

curl_close($ch);

require 'net/http'
require 'json'

uri = URI('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search')
req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
req.content_type = 'application/json'
req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key'

req.body = {
'query' => 'What is the capital of France?'
}.to_json

req_options = {
use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https'
}
res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http|
http.request(req)
end

package main

import (
"fmt"
"io"
"log"
"net/http"
"strings"
)

func main() {
client := &http.Client{}
var data = strings.NewReader(`{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}`)
req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search", data)
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal(err)
}
req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key")
resp, err := client.Do(req)
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal(err)
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText)
}

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.http.HttpClient;
import java.net.http.HttpRequest;
import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers;
import java.net.http.HttpResponse;

HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient();

HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
.uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search"))
.POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"query\":\"What is the capital of France?\"}"))
.setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json")
.setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key")
.build();

HttpResponse<String> response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString());

import Foundation

let jsonData = [
"query": "What is the capital of France?"
] as [String : Any]
let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: [])

let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search")!
let headers = [
"Content-Type": "application/json",
"x-api-key": "your-api-key"
]

var request = URLRequest(url: url)
request.httpMethod = "POST"
request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers
request.httpBody = data as Data

let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in
if let error = error {
    print(error)
} else if let data = data {
    let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8)
    print(str ?? "")
}
}

task.resume()

import 'package:http/http.dart' as http;

void main() async {
final headers = {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'x-api-key': 'your-api-key',
};

final data = '{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}';

final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search');

final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data);
final status = res.statusCode;
if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status');

print(res.body);
}

import java.io.IOException
import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType
import okhttp3.OkHttpClient
import okhttp3.Request
import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody

val client = OkHttpClient()

val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType()

val requestBody = "{\"query\":\"What is the capital of France?\"}"

val request = Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search")
.post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE))
.header("Content-Type", "application/json")
.header("x-api-key", "your-api-key")
.build()

client.newCall(request).execute().use { response ->
if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response")
response.body!!.string()
}

using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Net.Http.Json;

HttpClient client = new HttpClient();

HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search");
request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key");
request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new
{
query = "What is the capital of France?"
});
request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");

HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request);
response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

Console.WriteLine(responseBody);

{
  "success": true,
  "query": "capital of France",
  "ai_overview": "Paris is the capital of France. Other cities that have served as the capital throughout history include:\n\n*   Tournai (before 486)\n*   Soissons (486–936)\n*   Laon (936–987)\n*   Orléans (1108)\n*   Troyes (1419–1422)\n*   Bourges (1422–1444)\n*   Tours (1444–1527 and 1589-1594)\n*   Versailles (1682–1789)\n*   Bordeaux (September 1914 and June 1940)\n*   Clermont-Ferrand (June 29, 1940)\n*   Vichy (1940–1944)\n*   Brazzaville (1940–1943)\n*   Algiers (1943–1944)",
  "spell_fixed": false,
  "is_safe": true,
  "results": [
        {
              "title": "Paris - Wikipedia",
              "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris",
              "description": "Paris is the <strong>capital</strong> and largest city <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, with an estimated population of 2,048,472 in January 2025 in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi). It is located in the centre of the Île-de-<strong>France</strong> region. Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union.",
              "content": "Paris\nEtymology History Geography Administration Cityscape Demographics Economy Culture Sports Infrastructure International relations See also Notes References Further reading External links\nOrigins High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV 18th and 19th centuries 20th and 21st centuries City government Métropole du Grand Paris Regional government National government Police force Urbanism and architecture Housing Suburbs Migration Religion Employment and income Tourism Painting and sculpture Museums Theatre Literature Music Cinema Restaurants and cuisine Fashion Photography Media Holidays and festivals Libraries Transport Electricity Water and sanitation Parks and gardens Cemeteries Education Healthcare International organisations Twin towns – sister cities Other relationships Citations Sources\nWalking Railways Air Motorways Waterways Cycling\nParis[a] is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated population of 2,048,472 in January 2025[update][3] in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi). It is located in the centre of the Île-de-France region. Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union. Nicknamed the City of Light, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy since the 17th century. Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by three international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport, and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems[4] and is one of only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice. Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet, and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art.[citation needed] Part of the city along the Seine has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991[update]. Paris is home to several United Nations organisations, including UNESCO, as well as other international organisations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The city hosts different sporting events, such as the French Open, and is the home of the association football club Paris St-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français; it hosted the Summer Olympics three times. The ancient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as Lutetia Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii') and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265.[5][6] During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia in Latin, which is interpreted as either stemming from the Celtic root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').[7][8][6] The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period.[9] The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic root pario- ('cauldron').[9]Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the Welshperyff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-.[10] Alternatively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the Old Irishcarr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā.[6] Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃]ⓘ). They are also pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo]ⓘ).[11] The Parisii people inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.[12][13] One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the Île de la Cité, which gradually became an important trading centre.[14] The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.[15] Julius Caesarconquered the Paris Basin for the Roman Republic in 52 BC and began the Roman settlement on Paris's Left Bank.[16] The Roman town was originally called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, \"Lutetia of the Parisii\", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.[17] By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French.[18]Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin \"Hill of Martyrs\"), later \"Montmartre\", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.[19] Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508.[20] As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris, and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845. Still, Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia.[21] From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.[19] By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.[22]Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, started the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral in 1163, and was completed after 182 years.[23] After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in[clarification needed] from around the 10th century,[24] Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced the two smaller ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville).[25] The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation. This organisation later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government. In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.[26] In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the University of Paris and would draw students from all of Europe.[27][22] With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.[28] By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for \"shit\".[29] During the Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420;[30] despite a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city,[31] it would remain under English occupation until 1436. In the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.[32][33] The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne Henry IV, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. Despite Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in 1610.[34] During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the College of Sorbonne, and a palace for himself, the Palais-Cardinal. After Richelieu died in 1642, it was renamed the Palais-Royal.[35] Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards.[36] Other marks of his reign were the Collège des Quatre-Nations, the Place Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, and Les Invalides.[37] Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.[38] A new boulevard named the Champs-Élysées extended the city west to Étoile,[39] while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.[40] Paris's role in education and sciences led Paris to be known as the City of Light during the age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.[41][b] In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalides, acquiring thousands of guns, with which it stormed the Bastille, a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and elected a Mayor, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, on 15 July.[42] Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen, and mayor were beheaded by guillotine in the Reign of Terror, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.[43] The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold, or demolished.[44] A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.[45] The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.[46] Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect who reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the Canal de l'Ourcq, Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city's first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.[46] During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought to power a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city.[46] In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris. His successor, Napoleon III, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.[47] In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.[47] During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28 March, a revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the \"Bloody Week\" at the end of May 1871.[48] In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the 1900 Universal Exposition gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line.[49] Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir).[50] By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.[51] At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world, including Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of Fauvism, Cubism and abstract art,[52][53] and authors such as Marcel Proust were exploring new approaches to literature.[54] During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns.[55] In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Sidney Bechet[56] and Salvador Dalí.[57] In the years after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from French colonies and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai and Léopold Sédar Senghor.[58] On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an \"open city\".[59] On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv, from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back.[60][61] On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.[62] Paris became involved Algerian War for independence, which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN, targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.[63][64] In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.[65] In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.[66] The Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and 210 m (689 ft) high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.[67] The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.[68] A suburban railway network, the RER (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the Périphérique expressway encircling the city was completed in 1973.[69] The bank of the Seine in the city centre, which includes the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.[70] Most of the postwar presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand had the Opéra Bastille built (1985–1989), the new site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985–1989) in La Défense, as well as the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.[71] In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor; he was re-elected in March 2008.[72] Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.[73] In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.[74] The City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express four years later, totalling 205 km (127 mi) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.[75] The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.[76] A series of attacks occurred in the Paris region, especially in Paris, in January 2015, the most serious being the shooting at the offices of Charlie Hebdo. 17 people died in the attacks, which Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility.[77][78]1.5 million people marched in Paris in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.[79]Terrorist attacks, claimed by ISIL,[80] occurred again in November, which killed 130 people and injured more than 350.[81] In an aim to limit the effects of climate change below 2 °C, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 nations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on 22 April 2016 in Paris.[82] The following year, billionaire François Pinault received a 50‑year lease to convert the historic Bourse de Commerce into a contemporary art museum, overseen by Japanese architect Tadao Ando.[83] Construction was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, reopening in May 2021.[84] The Notre Dame Cathedral caught fire on 15 April 2019, beginning in the eaves of its roof,[85] engulfing the spire and most of the roof. Firefighters were able to control the blaze, saving the main structure including the bell towers and rose windows, and there were no injuries;[85]it was reopened on 7 December 2024.[86] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2024, Paris was one of eight cities worldwide that was classified as an \"Alpha+\" city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[87][relevant?] Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine, whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river.[88] Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).[89] Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique.[90] Paris's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi).[91] The metropolitan area is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).[88] Paris has an Köppen climate classification of CfB, or an oceanic climate,[92] typical of western Europe.[93] This climate type features mild humidity, and warm but mild, with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F).[94][95] Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003, when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, reached 40 °C (104 °F) on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.[96] The weather in spring and autumn is generally mild during the day and cool at night, but is unstable.[97] In winter, sunshine is scarce, days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around 3 °C (37 °F).[98] Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below −5 °C (23 °F). Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.[99] In summer, the weather is warm, averaging 22 °C (72 °F), and there is 8 hours of sunshine on average per day.[100] Paris has an average annual precipitation of 641 mm (25.2 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. As of 2025,[update] the highest recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F), on 25 July 2019.[101] The lowest was −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F), on 10 December 1879.[102] For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly.[106] The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected in March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is Anne Hidalgo, a socialist, first elected in April 2014,[107] and re-elected in June 2020.[108] The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated many seats, dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using closed listproportional representation in a two-round system.[109] Party lists winning an absolute majority in the first round – or at least a plurality in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of the seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the highest averages method.[109] This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.[110] Before the 2020 Paris municipal election, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which elects an arrondissement mayor.[111] The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending on its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.[106] The creation of Paris Centre, a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.[112] In January 2016, the Métropole du Grand Paris, or simply Grand Paris, came into existence.[113] It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 km2 (314 sq mi). In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.[114][115] The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020, its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment.[113][115] In January 2016, Patrick Ollier was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.[116] The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.[117] As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of the French Republic resides at the Élysée Palace.[118] The Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon.[119][120] Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.[121] Both houses of the French Parliament are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg. The more important lower house, the National Assembly, meets in the Palais Bourbon. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the Petit Luxembourg, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.[122] France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité.[123] The Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement.[124] The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.[125] Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau, and the International Federation for Human Rights. The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité.[126] There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats, and helicopters.[126] The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control, and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the National Gendarmerie, a branch of the French Armed Forces. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.[127] Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.[128] Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its street map, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital have resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.[129] At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine. Of those, two remain today: Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. A third one is the 1827 artificially created Île aux Cygnes. Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey \"Paris stone\". They built the major parks around central Paris.[130] The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.[131] Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,[132] particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.[132] The 210 m (690 ft) Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,[133] Since 2011, this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie. In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre was Avenue Montaigne, at 22,372 euros per square metre.[134] In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was 1,356,074. Among these, 1,165,541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91,835 (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.[135] Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.[136] Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 people-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of Parisian principal residents own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris's population rents their residence.[136] In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent of Paris's residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.[137] In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.[138] Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes, and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent \"District de la région parisienne\" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed \"Île-de-France\" in 1977, but this abbreviated \"Paris region\" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.[139] Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.[113] Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.[140] Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban \"villes nouvelles\" (\"new cities\")[141] and the RER commuter train network.[142] Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.[143] These districts were socially mixed at first,[144] but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.[145] Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.[145] These areas, quartiers sensibles (\"sensitive quarters\"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denisdepartment, and to a lesser extent, to the east in the Val-d'Oisedepartment. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative.[146] The Paris agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés to the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north of Paris.[147] The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the INSEE, the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, declared that this illustrated the \"de-densification\" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.[150][151] Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.[152] This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents, and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.[153] Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after Berlin, Madrid and Rome, and is the 34th most densely populated city in the world as of 2020[update].[154]Eurostat places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls \"urban audit core cities\".[155] The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.[156] The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.[157][158] Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne, and statistically as a unité urbaine (a measure of urban area), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the largest urban area in the European Union.[159][160] City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical aire d'attraction de Paris, \"functional area\", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area,[161]), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,[162] 19.6% of the population of France,[163] and the largest metropolitan area in the Eurozone.[160] In 2012, according to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.[164][verification needed] Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia outside Turkey, 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific.[165] In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.[166] In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (Île-de-France).[167][168] In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.[169] At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest Catholic city in the world.[170] French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.[171] In a 2011 survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as Roman Catholic. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish, and 25 percent as without religion. According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion.[172][173] In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.[174][175] In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of Israel and the United States.[176] The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry.[180] The story is similar in the Paris Region (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.[181] At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.[182][183] The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.[184] The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.[184] In 2021, the top French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three are in La Défense, and one is in Boulogne-Billancourt. Some companies, like Société Générale, have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a GDP of €765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city.[185] In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.[186][187][188] While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,[3] the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.[189][190] The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).[191] The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine.[191] While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and \"eco\" industries.[191] In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe.[192] In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong.[193]Station F is a business incubator for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.[194] In 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.[195] In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.[196] Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.[196] Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th, and 9th arrondissements employs ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade.[196] Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.[196] Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th, and 20th arrondissements.[196] Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance, and scientific research, employs 144,600.[191] The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.[191] Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of whom are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.[191] In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.[191] Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the Yvelines department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000.[191] In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroën assembly plant.[191] The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology.[191] The south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages.[191] The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.[191] Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.[197] While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.[198] The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.[199][200] As of 2024, Paris was considered the most attractive city in the world for 4 years in a row, by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index. However, by the number of tourists coming from other countries, it was only in 9th place.[201] Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over 2021, but still 13 percent lower than in 2019.[202] Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38 million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals.[203] These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6 million), the United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand), and China (711 thousand).[203] In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million).[204] In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4 percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.[205] Paris's top cultural attractions in 2022 were the Louvre Museum (7.7 million visitors), the Eiffel Tower (5.8 million visitors), the Musée d'Orsay (3.27 million visitors) and the Centre Pompidou (3 million visitors).[202] In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.[203] In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with Airbnb.[203] Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.[206] A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from Paris syndrome, when their experiences do not meet expectations.[207] For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the \"City of Art\".[208] Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy, and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox, and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.[209] Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Géricault.[209]Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris.[209] In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.[210] Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris. The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Statue of Liberty), Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro) and Aristide Maillol. The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars. The Louvre received 2.8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,[211] holding its position as first among the most-visited museums. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde), the Venus de Milo statue, and Liberty Leading the People. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, which houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the National Museum of Natural History with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th-century art and the French Impressionists, which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie (984,000 visitors in 2020), and one of the oldest, the Musée des Arts et Métiers (opened in 1794). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the Fondation Louis Vuitton (691,000), the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the Musée Carnavalet (History of Paris) (606,000), and the Petit Palais, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).[212] The Musée de l'Orangerie, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of Claude Monet's large Water Lilies murals. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art. The Guimet Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Musée Picasso, the Musée Rodin, and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix. The military history of France is presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides. In addition to the national museums, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balzac and the Catacombs of Paris.[213] There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne. The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.[214] In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), Théâtre-Italien and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).[215]Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913. Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal.[216] Other famous theatres include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.[217] The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a setting for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland and the Grateful Dead. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance, and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.[218] The first book printed in France, Epistolae (\"Letters\"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Charles Perrault,[219] several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the Académie française.[220] In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Pierre Beaumarchais. During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris.[221] Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Misérables, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.[222] One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.[223] In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Between the wars, it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier, and Arturo Uslar Pietri. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.[224] Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.[225] It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.[226] In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Among the Trouvères of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadours, from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of François I, in the Renaissance era, the lute became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers \"disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy\", and a national musical printing house was established.[209] In the Baroque-era, noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin.[209] The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795.[227] By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet, and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Léo Delibes and Jules Massenet, among others.[209]Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently performed operas in the classical canon.[228][229] Among the Impressionist composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Maurice Ravel. Several foreign-born composers, such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, Niccolò Paganini, and Igor Stravinsky, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris. Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880, Paris had some 150 dance halls.[230] Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a \"musette\") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,[231], and Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.[232] Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.[231]Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris and performed with violinist Stéphane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot Club de France in the 1930s and 1940s.[233] Immediately after the War, the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet, Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.[234] Some of the finest manouche musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.[233] Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.[232][233] Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine.[235] The Orchestre de Paris was established in 1967.[236] December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf—widely regarded as France's national chanteuse and one of France's greatest international stars.[237] Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.[238] The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.[239] Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.[240] Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles, with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens, and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.[241] Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.[242] Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.[243] The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café Anglais, Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Époque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.[244] Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.[245] The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick Alléno, and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.[246][247] Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century, Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Café Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.[244] A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele, and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.[248] A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867, it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now, brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.[249] Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).[250] It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.[251][252] Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Oréal as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermés, and Cartier.[253] Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the Avenue Montaigne, between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine. The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, Louis Daguerre patented the Daguerrotype, which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.[209] The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard.[254][255] Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson.[209]Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha.[209] Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, l'Équipe (Boulogne-Billancourt) and L'Officiel des Spectacles.[257] France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.[258]Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies, and is headquartered in Paris.[259]France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.[260] France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.[261] The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital.[262]Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city.[263] Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.[264] Bastille Day, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to Place de la Concorde. It includes a flypast over the Champs Élysées by the Patrouille de France, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.[265] Other yearly festivals include Paris-Plages, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach;[265]Journées du Patrimoine, Fête de la Musique, Techno Parade, Nuit Blanche, Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages. The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.[266] The Bibliothèque Forney, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Geneviève Library, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division.[267]Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France. The Médiathèque Musicale Mahler opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Très Grande Bibliothèque) was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.[267] There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.[268] Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.[269] Paris's major sports clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (PSG)[270] and the rugby union clubs Stade Français and Racing 92.[271] The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.[272] It is used for football, rugby union, and track and field athletics. It hosts the France national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.[272] The city and closer suburbs have several other professional and amateur football clubs, including Paris FC and Red Star FC.[273][274] Rugby league is not a popular sport in Paris compared to other areas of France. Despite this, the capital has hosted several major events in the sport's history since the country's first game, and exhibition match between the Australia national team and a British League Select XIII, in December 1933. The Rugby League World Cup was first held in 1954 with the Parc des Princes hosting the opening match and the final in which France finished as runners-up to Great Britain. The newly rebuilt Parc des Princes was later used for a group game of the 1972 Rugby League World Cup. A a rugby league department of PSG was created to participate in the Super League.[275] In 2006, Catalans Dragons became the first French side to enter the British rugby league system following PSG's withdrawal.[276] Paris is the second city to host the Summer Olympics three times, hosting the 1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics.[277] The city also bid for the 1992, 2008, and 2012 Olympic Games but lost to Barcelona, Beijing, and London respectively.[278][279][280] The city also hosted the finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup, 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup and 2023 Rugby World Cup, at the Stade de France. Paris hosted as well as the finals of the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships.[281] Paris held six UEFA Champions League finals, including the 2022 edition.[282] The final stage of the Tour de France finishes in Paris; since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées.[283] Two annual tennis torunaments are held in Paris: the French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Stade Roland Garros,[284], one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour, and the Paris Masters, held in the Bercy Arena.[285] Basketball teams Levallois SCB and Paris Basket Racing merged in 2007 to create club Metropolitans 92, which plays some of its games at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin.[286] Paris also features Paris Basketball in Basketball,[287]Paris Saint-Germain in handball[288] and Paris Musketeers in American football.[289] Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region.[290] The syndicate coordinates public transport. The RATP operates 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The SNCF operates suburban rails, one tramway line, and other sections of the RER. The Optile consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.[291] Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems in the world,[4][292] and is one of only two cities that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice, in 2008 and 2023.[293] In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars.[294][295] Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.[296][297] The concept of the 15-minute city was created by Carlos Moreno (urbanist) a professor from Paris and began to be implemented by its mayor Anne Hidalgo.[298] Walking is the most popular mode of transportation in Paris, accounting for 53% of all trips in 2024.[299] In the Grand Paris metropolis, walking is also the most popular way of moving. The number of trips made by foot increased by 50% from the year 2000 to 2018.[300] Paris is considered a walkable city and tries to increase walkability more.[301][302] A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks: high-speed rail lines (TGV, Eurostar, Intercity Express, Frecciarossa), normal speed trains (Intercités, Intercités de nuit, Nightjet, TER), and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Transilien is the commuter rail network serving Paris region, through 9 lines, 392 stations and 1,294 km (804.1 mi) of rails. Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily.[303] There are 16 lines, 321 stations (405 stops) and 245.6 km (152.6 mi) of rails. Superimposed on this is a \"regional express network\", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops, and 602 km (374 mi) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day, RER A is the busiest metro line in Europe. The Paris region is served by a light rail network, the tramway. Opened since 1992, fifteen lines are operational. The network is 196.6 kilometres (122.2 mi) long, with 283 stations. Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the 5th busiest airport system in the world. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, the third-busiest airport in Europe as of 2018[update],[305][306]Orly Airport and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers.[307] There is also one general aviation airport, Paris–Le Bourget Airport, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.[308] In 2023, it was the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic and it is the hub for the nation's flag carrier, Air France.[309] Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers. Paris is the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique,[90] which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways. The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the Ports of Paris, in facilities located around Paris. The rivers Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the Canal Saint-Martin, Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.[310] There are 440 km (270 mi) of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include piste cyclable, bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and bande cyclable, a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some 29 km (18 mi) of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles.[311] Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.[312] Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the Île-de-France came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city with heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%), and a negligible amount of wind power.[313] A quarter of the city's district heating is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and wood pellets.[314] Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.[315] From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.[316] From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today, Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground sewers.[317] Air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (PM10), is the highest in France with 38 μg/m3.[318] From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.[319] Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.[320] Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672,[321] and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate.[322] The Jardin des plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.[323] Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.[324] Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), Parc de Bercy (1997) and Parc Clichy-Batignolles (2007).[325] One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), has floating gardens. During the Roman era, Paris's main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the left bank settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where almost every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.[326][327] After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.[328] Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière parisien de Pantin, also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux.[329] Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include Oscar Wilde, Frédéric Chopin, Jim Morrison, Édith Piaf and Serge Gainsbourg.[330] Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a licence-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France.[331] 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.[332] The University of Paris, founded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities, following the student demonstrations in 1968. Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter, where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.[333] The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes écoles – 55 specialised centres of higher education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The École Normale Supérieure, PSL University has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement.[334] In 2025, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Polytechnic Institute of Paris, Paris Cité University, Paris-Saclay University, Sorbonne University), political science (Sciences Po),[335] management (HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School, INSEAD)[336] as well as multidisciplinary universities (Paris Sciences et Lettres University).[337] Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals.[338] It is the largest hospital system in Europe. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.[338] One of the most notable hospitals is the Hôtel-Dieu, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating,[339] although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, one of the largest in Europe, Hôpital Cochin, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Bicêtre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisière Hospital, Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpital de la Charité and the American Hospital of Paris. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[340] Paris hosts the headquarters of the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, European Securities and Markets Authority and the European Banking Authority. Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned with:[341][342] Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:[341]\nAcèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Ikirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Pinayuanan Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Fɔ̀ngbè Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Nupe Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Wikidata item Rome, Italy Algiers, 2003 Amman, 1987 Amsterdam, 2013 Athens, 2000 Beijing, 1997 Beirut, 1992 Berlin, 1987 Brazzaville, 2015 Buenos Aires, 1999 Cairo, 1985 Casablanca, 2004 Chicago, 1996 Copenhagen, 2005 Dakar, 2011 Doha, 2010 Geneva, 2002 Istanbul, 2009 Jakarta, 1995 Jericho, 2009 Kinshasa, 2014 Kyoto, 1958 Lisbon, 1998 London, 2001 Madrid, 2000 Mexico City, 1999 Montevideo, 2013 Montreal, 2006 Moscow, 1992 Phnom Penh, 2007 Porto Alegre, 2001 Prague, 1997 Quebec City, 1996 Rabat, 2004 Ramallah, 2011 Rio de Janeiro, 2009 Riyadh, 1997 Saint Petersburg, 1997 Sanaa, 1987 San Francisco, 1996 Santiago, 1997 São Paulo, 2004 Seoul, 1991 Sofia, 1998 Sydney, 1998 Tbilisi, 1997 Tel Aviv, 2010 Tokyo, 1982 Tunis, 2004 Warsaw, 1999 Washington, D.C., 2000 Yerevan, 1998 France portal Cities portal Art Nouveau in Paris Art Deco in Paris C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925 Megacity Outline of France Outline of Paris Paris syndrome Parish and Civil Registers in Paris ^/ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ, French pronunciation:[paʁi]ⓘ ^French: la Ville Lumière ^\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr (in French). 16 December 2022. 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Official website(in French) v t e Administration AirportsCharles de GaulleOrly Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architectureera of absolutismtallest buildings era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culturemusic music CyclingVélib' Métropole Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History (timeline) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museumslist list Squares Topography TransportMétroTransilienTramwaysRER Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourismsyndrome syndrome Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France v t e Paris Marseille Lyon Toulouse Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes Toulon Reims Saint-Étienne Le Havre Villeurbanne Dijon Angers Grenoble Saint-Denis, Réunion Nîmes Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Aix-en-Provence Clermont-Ferrand Le Mans Brest Tours Amiens Annecy Limoges Metz Perpignan Boulogne-Billancourt Besançon Orléans Rouen Montreuil Caen Argenteuil Saint-Paul Mulhouse Nancy Complete list v t e Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de 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and Memorial Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris MétroentrancesMontmartre Funicular entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome v t e RATP Tvm Tvm Noctilien CDGVAL Orlyval Montmartre Funicular Grand Paris Express CDG Express Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger IDFM RATP SNCF Optile Keolis Transdev Navigo card Public transport fares in the Île-de-France Versement transport List of Paris Métro stationsArchitectureGhost stations Architecture Ghost stations Lists of railway stations RERTransilienin Paris RER Transilien in Paris List of tram stops v t e Paris Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres 1,792 other communes v t e Three arrondissements 21 cantons 194 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Three arrondissements 23 cantons 36 communes 13 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs One departmental arrondissement 1 commune 20 municipal arrondissements 80 administrative quarters 18 legislative constituencies 1 intercommunality Five arrondissements 23 cantons 507 communes 11 legislative constituencies 21 intercommunalities Three arrondissements 21 cantons 40 communes 12 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Three arrondissements 25 cantons 47 communes 11 legislative constituencies 3 EPTs Three arrondissements 21 cantons 184 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Four arrondissements 21 cantons 259 communes 12 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities v t e Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) Laon (Aisne) Moulins (Allier) Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Gap (Hautes-Alpes) Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Privas (Ardèche) 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(Meuse) Vannes (Morbihan) Metz (Moselle) Nevers (Nièvre) Lille (Nord) Beauvais (Oise) Alençon (Orne) Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Colmar (Haut-Rhin) Lyon (Rhône) Vesoul (Haute-Saône) Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) Le Mans (Sarthe) Chambéry (Savoie) Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Paris (Paris) Rouen (Seine-Maritime) Melun (Seine-et-Marne) Versailles (Yvelines) Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Amiens (Somme) Albi (Tarn) Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Toulon (Var) Avignon (Vaucluse) La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) Poitiers (Vienne) Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Épinal (Vosges) Auxerre (Yonne) Belfort (Territoire de Belfort) Évry-Courcouronnes (Essonne) Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis) Créteil (Val-de-Marne) Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Cayenne (French Guiana) Saint-Denis (Réunion) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) v t e Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Rennes (Brittany) Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire) Ajaccio (Corsica) Strasbourg (Grand Est) Lille (Hauts-de-France) Paris (Île-de-France) Rouen (Normandy) Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Toulouse (Occitania) Nantes (Pays de la Loire) Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Cayenne (French Guiana) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) Saint Denis (Réunion) v t e 01 Ain 02 Aisne 03 Allier 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 05 Hautes-Alpes 06 Alpes-Maritimes 07 Ardèche 08 Ardennes 09 Ariège 10 Aube 11 Aude 12 Aveyron 13 Bouches-du-Rhône 14 Calvados 15 Cantal 16 Charente 17 Charente-Maritime 18 Cher 19 Corrèze 2A Corse-du-Sud 2B Haute-Corse 21 Côte-d'Or 22 Côtes-d'Armor 23 Creuse 24 Dordogne 25 Doubs 26 Drôme 27 Eure 28 Eure-et-Loir 29 Finistère 30 Gard 31 Haute-Garonne 32 Gers 33 Gironde 34 Hérault 35 Ille-et-Vilaine 36 Indre 37 Indre-et-Loire 38 Isère 39 Jura 40 Landes 41 Loir-et-Cher 42 Loire 43 Haute-Loire 44 Loire-Atlantique 45 Loiret 46 Lot 47 Lot-et-Garonne 48 Lozère 49 Maine-et-Loire 50 Manche 51 Marne 52 Haute-Marne 53 Mayenne 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 55 Meuse 56 Morbihan 57 Moselle 58 Nièvre 59 Nord 60 Oise 61 Orne 62 Pas-de-Calais 63 Puy-de-Dôme 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques 65 Hautes-Pyrénées 66 Pyrénées-Orientales 67 Bas-Rhin 68 Haut-Rhin 69D Rhône 70 Haute-Saône 71 Saône-et-Loire 72 Sarthe 73 Savoie 74 Haute-Savoie 76 Seine-Maritime 77 Seine-et-Marne 78 Yvelines 79 Deux-Sèvres 80 Somme 81 Tarn 82 Tarn-et-Garonne 83 Var 84 Vaucluse 85 Vendée 86 Vienne 87 Haute-Vienne 88 Vosges 89 Yonne 90 Territoire de Belfort 91 Essonne 92 Hauts-de-Seine 93 Seine-Saint-Denis 94 Val-de-Marne 95 Val-d'Oise 971 Guadeloupe 972 Martinique(territorial collectivity) 973 French Guiana(territorial collectivity) 974 Réunion 976 Mayotte 69M Lyon(collectivity with special status) 75 Paris(collectivity with special status) 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon(Overseas collectivity) Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from 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2.35222 France Region Île-de-France Department Arrondissement Paris Intercommunality Métropole du Grand Paris Subdivisions arrondissements Anne Hidalgo [1] PS [2] [2] [2] [3] 9th 1st Urban [2] Metro [2] Demonym(s) en fr Time zone UTC+01:00 CET DST UTC+02:00 CEST INSEE 75056 paris.fr [a] capital largest city France [update] [3] Île-de-France fourth-most populous city European Union finance diplomacy commerce culture fashion gastronomy Charles de Gaulle Airport Orly Airport Beauvais–Tillé Airport sustainable transportation [4] Sustainable Transport Award Musée d'Orsay Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de l'Orangerie Impressionist Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée Rodin Musée Picasso modern contemporary art citation needed Seine UNESCO World Heritage Site [update] United Nations UNESCO OECD OECD Development Centre International Bureau of Weights and Measures International Energy Agency International Federation for Human Rights European Space Agency European Banking Authority European Securities and Markets Authority hosts different sporting events French Open association football Paris St-Germain rugby union Stade Français Summer Olympics oppidum Julius Caesar Lutetia Parisii [5] [6] Celtic [7] [8] [6] Parisii Gallic Iron Age Roman period [9] ethnonym Xavier Delamarre [9] Alfred Holder Welsh Proto-Celtic [10] Pierre-Yves Lambert Old Irish [6] [paʁizjɛ̃] ⓘ [paʁiɡo] ⓘ [11] History of Paris Timeline of Paris Lutetia Parisii [12] [13] Seine Île de la Cité [14] [15] Parisii Julius Caesar conquered Paris Basin Roman Republic Left Bank [16] Lutetia amphitheatre [17] Western Roman Empire Latin [18] Christianity Denis Montmartre Basilica of Saint-Denis [19] Wall of Philippe Auguste Clovis the Frank Merovingian dynasty [20] Franks Francien Île de la Cité sacking by Vikings in 845 Siege of Paris (885–886) Count of Paris Odo of France West Francia [21] Capetian Hugh Capet Duke of the Franks [19] Paris in the Middle Ages Paris in the 16th century Paris in the 17th century Palais de la Cité Sainte-Chapelle Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry [22] Maurice de Sully Notre Dame Cathedral [23] clarification needed [24] Les Halles Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville) [25] Philip Augustus Louvre [26] University of Paris [27] [22] [28] [29] Hôtel de Sens Hundred Years' War Burgundian forces Henry V of England [30] Joan of Arc [31] French Wars of Religion Catholic League St. Bartholomew's Day massacre [32] [33] Henry IV Pont Neuf Tuileries Palace Place des Vosges Les Halles [34] Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII College of Sorbonne Palais-Cardinal Palais-Royal [35] Jan Janssonius Fronde Louis XIV Versailles Comédie-Française French Academy of Sciences city walls Grands Boulevards [36] Collège des Quatre-Nations Place Vendôme Place des Victoires Les Invalides [37] Paris in the 18th century Paris during the Second Empire Haussmann's renovation of Paris [38] Champs-Élysées Étoile [39] Faubourg Saint-Antoine [40] education sciences age of Enlightenment [41] [b] Bastille Jean-Pierre Houël French Revolution Invalides stormed the Bastille Paris Commune Mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly [42] Louis XVI brought to Paris guillotine Reign of Terror [43] nationalised [44] 9 November 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte [45] [46] Arc de Triomphe Canal de l'Ourcq Père Lachaise Cemetery Pont des Arts [46] Eiffel Tower Restoration July Revolution July Column Place de la Bastille Louis Philippe I provinces [46] popular uprising Napoleon III Georges-Eugène Haussmann Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes [47] [47] Franco-Prussian War Prussian Army Paris Commune Bloody Week [48] 1889 Universal Exposition 1900 Universal Exposition Pont Alexandre III Grand Palais Petit Palais Paris Métro [49] Naturalism Émile Zola Symbolism Charles Baudelaire Paul Verlaine Impressionism Courbet Manet Monet Renoir [50] Paris in the Belle Époque Paris during the First World War Paris between the Wars (1919–1939) Paris in World War II History of Paris (1946–2000) [51] Pablo Picasso Modigliani Henri Matisse Fauvism Cubism abstract art [52] [53] Marcel Proust [54] First World War First Battle of the Marne Zeppelins long-range guns [55] Les Années Folles Ernest Hemingway Igor Stravinsky James Joyce Josephine Baker Eva Kotchever Henry Miller Anaïs Nin Sidney Bechet [56] Salvador Dalí [57] peace conference French colonies Ho Chi Minh Zhou Enlai Léopold Sédar Senghor [58] Charles de Gaulle open city [59] Vel d'Hiv Auschwitz [60] [61] French 2nd Armoured Division 4th Infantry Division United States Army Charles de Gaulle Hôtel de Ville [62] Algerian War FLN violent confrontations Organisation armée secrète [63] [64] Sorbonne Latin Quarter May 1968 events in France [65] Jacques Chirac [66] Tour Maine-Montparnasse [67] [68] RER Périphérique [69] Seine Louvre UNESCO World Heritage Site [70] Fifth Republic Georges Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Musée d'Orsay François Mitterrand Opéra Bastille Bibliothèque nationale de France Arche de la Défense La Défense Louvre Pyramid Jacques Chirac Musée du quai Branly [71] Bertrand Delanoë [72] Promenade des Berges de la Seine [73] Place de la République Republican marches Charlie Hebdo shooting Nicolas Sarkozy Grand Paris Metropolis of Grand Paris [74] Grand Paris Express high-speed rail (TGV) [75] [76] series of attacks shooting at the offices Charlie Hebdo Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula [77] [78] 1.5 million people marched in Paris [79] Terrorist attacks [80] [81] effects of climate change Paris Agreement United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [82] François Pinault Bourse de Commerce Japanese Tadao Ando [83] COVID-19 pandemic [84] Notre Dame Cathedral caught fire [85] spire bell towers rose windows [85] it was reopened [86] Globalization and World Cities Research Network [87] relevant? Geography of Paris Climate of Paris Sentinel-2 Seine Île Saint-Louis Île de la Cité English Channel [88] above sea level Montmartre [89] Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Boulevard Périphérique [90] [91] [88] Avenue Raphaël fr Köppen climate classification oceanic climate [92] [93] [94] [95] heat wave of 2003 [96] spring autumn [97] winter [98] [99] summer [100] [update] [101] [102] Parc Montsouris precipitation relative humidity sunshine hours possible sunshine ultraviolet index Meteo France [103] [104] [105] Administration of Paris Arrondissements of Paris Mayor of Paris arrondissements of Paris [106] Jacques Chirac Anne Hidalgo socialist in April 2014 [107] in June 2020 [108] Hôtel de Ville elected indirectly Conseil de Paris closed list proportional representation two-round system [109] majority plurality highest averages method [109] [110] 2020 Paris municipal election conseil d'arrondissement [111] [106] Paris Centre [112] Métropole du Grand Paris Grand Paris [113] Hauts-de-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne Argenteuil Val d'Oise Paray-Vieille-Poste Essonne [114] [115] [113] [115] Patrick Ollier [116] Region Île de France Regional Council Valérie Pécresse [117] Élysée Palace President of France national government President of the French Republic Élysée Palace [118] Prime Minister Hôtel Matignon [119] [120] [121] French Parliament Senate Palais du Luxembourg National Assembly Palais Bourbon President of the Senate Petit Luxembourg [122] Conseil d'État Court of Cassation Palais de Justice [123] Conseil d'État Palais-Royal 1st arrondissement [124] Constitutional Council [125] UNESCO Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development International Chamber of Commerce Paris Club European Space Agency International Energy Agency Organisation internationale de la Francophonie European Union Institute for Security Studies International Bureau of Weights and Measures International Exhibition Bureau International Federation for Human Rights Gendarmerie Prefecture of Police of Paris Ministry of the Interior National Police Paris Fire Brigade Place Louis Lépine Île de la Cité [126] [126] Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité National Gendarmerie French Armed Forces [127] [128] Seine Architecture of Paris Haussmann's renovation of Paris Religious buildings in Paris List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region Rue de Rivoli Place des Vosges [129] Seine Île Saint-Louis Île de la Cité Île aux Cygnes Napoleon III Baron Haussmann 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre Paris stone [130] [131] [132] [132] Tour Montparnasse [133] La Défense Tour First Courbevoie Front de Seine Seine Avenue Montaigne [134] [135] [136] [136] [137] [138] SkySat Tour Montparnasse Seine Île-de-France [139] Grand Paris [113] Paul Delouvrier [140] [141] RER [142] [143] [144] [145] [145] Goutte d'Or Belleville Seine-Saint-Denis department Val-d'Oise department Seine Évry Corbeil-Essonnes Essonne Mureaux Mantes-la-Jolie Yvelines [146] urban sociology Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Enghien-les-Bains [147] Demographics of Paris Île-de-France [148] [149] Metropolitan France Algeria Morocco Portugal Tunisia Guadeloupe Martinique China Turkey Mali Côte d'Ivoire Senegal Italy Romania Democratic Republic of Congo Spain Sri Lanka Cameroon Republic of the Congo Haiti Poland Vietnam Cambodia Réunion India Serbia Lebanon Madagascar Germany Pakistan Russia Mauritius Guinea Brazil United Kingdom United States INSEE Anne Hidalgo [150] [151] [152] [153] Berlin Madrid Rome 34th most densely populated city in the world [update] [154] Eurostat [155] [156] de-industrialisation gentrification [157] [158] unité urbaine urban area largest urban area in the European Union [159] [160] aire d'attraction de Paris metropolitan area [161] [162] [163] largest metropolitan area Eurozone [160] Eurostat Hauts-de-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne [164] verification needed Europe Maghreb sub-Saharan Africa Egypt Turkey Asia Americas South Pacific [165] [166] Île-de-France [167] [168] [169] Religious buildings in Paris Sacré-Cœur Montmartre Catholic [170] [171] Institut français d'opinion publique Roman Catholic Muslim country Algeria Morocco Tunisia [172] [173] [174] [175] Israel [176] Economy of Paris La Défense [177] headquarters BNP Paribas Boulevard des Italiens [178] Axa Crédit Agricole Montrouge [179] [180] Paris Region [181] [182] [183] [184] La Défense Neuilly-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Boulogne-Billancourt Issy-les-Moulineaux [184] Fortune Global 500 Hauts-de-Seine La Défense Boulogne-Billancourt Société Générale GDP € [185] [186] [187] [188] [3] [189] [190] finance [191] Hauts-de-Seine Opéra Garnier Val de Seine [191] services [191] Economist Intelligence Unit [192] Singapore Hong Kong [193] Station F business incubator [194] [195] [196] [196] [196] [196] [196] La Défense [191] [191] [191] [191] Yvelines [191] Aulnay-sous-Bois [191] Essonne [191] Val-de-Marne Rungis food market [191] [191] [197] poverty line [198] [199] [200] Tourism in Paris Landmarks in Paris Historical quarters of Paris List of tourist attractions in Paris Louvre most-visited art museum in the world Euromonitor [201] [202] Greater Paris [203] [203] Euromonitor [204] [205] Louvre Museum Eiffel Tower Musée d'Orsay Centre Pompidou [202] [203] Airbnb [203] [206] Paris syndrome [207] Culture of Paris Art in Paris Auguste Renoir Bal du moulin de la Galette Musée d'Orsay [208] French Baroque and Classicism Girardon Coysevox Coustou Pierre Mignard Louis XIV Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture [209] Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Édouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Paul Gauguin Pierre-Auguste Renoir Romanticism Géricault [209] Impressionism Art Nouveau Symbolism Fauvism Cubism Art Deco [209] [210] Pablo Picasso Henri Matisse Vincent van Gogh Paul Cézanne Jean Metzinger Albert Gleizes Henri Rousseau Marc Chagall Amedeo Modigliani Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Statue of Liberty Auguste Rodin Camille Claudel Antoine Bourdelle Paul Landowski Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro Aristide Maillol Golden Age School of Paris List of museums in Paris Musée d'Orsay Louvre [211] most-visited museums Mona Lisa Venus de Milo Liberty Leading the People Centre Georges Pompidou Musée National d'Art Moderne National Museum of Natural History Musée d'Orsay French Impressionists Cité des sciences et de l'industrie Musée des Arts et Métiers Fondation Louis Vuitton Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac Musée Carnavalet Petit Palais [212] Musée du quai Branly Musée de l'Orangerie Claude Monet Water Lilies Musée national du Moyen Âge Medieval art Guimet Museum Musée Picasso Musée Rodin Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée de l'Armée Les Invalides Ministry of Culture Carnavalet Museum Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris Palais de Tokyo House of Victor Hugo House of Balzac Catacombs of Paris [213] Louis Vuitton Foundation Frank Gehry Bois de Boulogne Paris Opéra Opéra Bastille [214] Théâtre-Italien Théâtre Lyrique Théâtre de la Ville [215] Philharmonie de Paris Théâtre des Champs-Élysées Ballets Russes Comédie Française Comédie-Française Palais-Royal [216] Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse [217] cabaret Moulin Rouge Cancan Mistinguett Édith Piaf Toulouse-Lautrec Olympia Paris Folies Bergère Josephine Baker Dalida Edith Piaf Marlene Dietrich Miles Davis Judy Garland Grateful Dead Casino de Paris Mistinguett Maurice Chevalier Tino Rossi Le Lido Crazy Horse Saloon [218] Writers in Paris Victor Hugo Gasparinus de Bergamo Johann Heynlin Boileau Corneille La Fontaine Molière Racine Charles Perrault [219] Académie française [220] Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau Pierre de Marivaux Pierre Beaumarchais Charles Baudelaire Stéphane Mallarmé Mérimée Alfred de Musset Marcel Proust Émile Zola Alexandre Dumas Gustave Flaubert Guy de Maupassant Honoré de Balzac The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Notre-Dame de Paris [221] Les Misérables [222] Jules Verne [223] Colette André Gide François Mauriac André Malraux Albert Camus Simone de Beauvoir Jean-Paul Sartre Ernest Hemingway Samuel Beckett Miguel Ángel Asturias Alejo Carpentier Arturo Uslar Pietri Nobel Prize in Literature Patrick Modiano [224] [225] [226] Music in Paris History of music in Paris Olympia polyphony Trouvères Troubadours François I Renaissance era lute [209] Baroque-era Jean-Baptiste Lully Jean-Philippe Rameau François Couperin [209] Conservatoire de Musique de Paris [227] Romantic-era Hector Berlioz Charles Gounod Camille Saint-Saëns Léo Delibes Jules Massenet [209] Georges Bizet Carmen canon [228] [229] Impressionist Claude Debussy Erik Satie Maurice Ravel Frédéric Chopin Franz Liszt Jacques Offenbach Niccolò Paganini Igor Stravinsky Bal-musette [230] bourrée cabrette bellows bagpipe vielle à roue hurdy-gurdy accordion [231] jazz [232] gypsy jazz [231] Django Reinhardt Stéphane Grappelli Quintette du Hot Club de France [233] Moulin Rouge Édith Piaf Saint-Germain-des-Pres Le Tabou Claude Luter Boris Vian Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow Henri Salvador [234] manouche [233] [232] [233] Paris Jazz Festival Rock en Seine [235] Orchestre de Paris [236] Edith Piaf chanteuse [237] hip hop [238] List of films set in Paris Lumière brothers L'Arroseur Arrosé Auguste and Louis Lumière [239] Grand Rex [240] [241] French cinema Claude Lelouch Jean-Luc Godard Luc Besson Claude Zidi [242] French cuisine Place du Châtelet haute cuisine Palais-Royal Antoine Beauvilliers Le Grand Véfour [243] Rocher de Cancale Café Anglais Maison Dorée Boulevard des Italiens Belle Époque Maxim's Ledoyen Champs-Élysées Tour d'Argent [244] [245] Michelin Guide L'Ambroisie L'Astrance Pierre Gagnaire Alain Ducasse Yannick Alléno Alain Passard [246] [247] Les Deux Magots café Café Procope Café de la Rotonde Le Dôme Café Café de Flore Les Deux Magots [244] bistro [248] brasserie Paris Exposition of 1867 [249] Fashion in Paris Magdalena Frackowiak Paris Fashion Week fashion capital haute couture [250] Dior Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Jean-Paul Gaultier Yves Saint Laurent Givenchy Christian Lacroix Paris Fashion Week Carrousel du Louvre [251] [252] cosmetics L'Oréal Louis Vuitton Hermés Cartier [253] Avenue Montaigne Champs-Élysées Nicéphore Niépce Louis Daguerre Daguerrotype [209] Étienne-Jules Marey Man Ray Maurice Tabard [254] [255] Eugène Atget Robert Doisneau Marcel Bovis Jacques-Henri Lartigue Henri Cartier-Bresson [209] Poster art Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Jules Chéret Eugène Grasset Adolphe Willette Pierre Bonnard Georges de Feure Henri-Gabriel Ibels Paul Gavarni Alphonse Mucha [209] Le Figaro newspaper of record [256] Le Monde Le Figaro Libération Le Nouvel Observateur Le Canard enchaîné La Croix Le Parisien Saint-Ouen Les Échos Neuilly-sur-Seine Reuters l'Équipe Boulogne-Billancourt [257] [258] Agence France-Presse [259] France 24 [260] Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs [261] TF1 Boulogne-Billancourt France 2 France 3 Canal+ France 5 M6 Neuilly-sur-Seine Arte D8 W9 NT1 NRJ 12 La Chaîne parlementaire France 4 BFM TV Gulli [262] Radio France 16th arrondissement Radio France Internationale [263] La Poste [264] Bastille Day Champs-Élysées Arc de Triomphe Place de la Concorde flypast Patrouille de France [265] Paris-Plages [265] Journées du Patrimoine Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Carnaval de Paris Libraries in Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France Arsenal Library [266] Sainte-Geneviève Library Bibliothèque Forney Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris Sainte-Geneviève Library Henri Labrouste [267] Bibliothèque Mazarine Médiathèque Musicale Mahler Dominique Perrault [267] Sorbonne Library Sorbonne Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie [268] [269] Football in Paris Parc des Princes association football Paris Saint-Germain F.C. [270] rugby union Stade Français Racing 92 [271] Stade de France 1998 FIFA World Cup Saint-Denis [272] France national football team French national rugby team Six Nations Championship [272] Paris FC Red Star FC [273] [274] Rugby league Australia national team British League Rugby League World Cup 1954 Parc des Princes final France Great Britain Parc des Princes 1972 Rugby League World Cup a rugby league department Super League [275] Catalans Dragons British rugby league system [276] Summer Olympics 1900 1924 2024 Summer Olympics [277] 1992 2008 2012 Olympic Games Barcelona Beijing London [278] [279] [280] 1938 FIFA World Cup 1998 FIFA World Cup 2007 Rugby World Cup 2023 Rugby World Cup 1960 1984 2016 [281] UEFA Champions League 2022 [282] Champs Élysées Tour de France finished on the Champs-Elysées [283] tennis French Open red clay Stade Roland Garros [284] Grand Slam Paris Masters Bercy Arena [285] Basketball Levallois SCB Paris Basket Racing Metropolitans 92 Stade Pierre de Coubertin [286] Paris Basketball [287] Paris Saint-Germain handball [288] Paris Musketeers American football [289] Transport in Paris Gare du Nord Île-de-France Mobilités [290] RATP bus Métro SNCF Optile [291] sustainable [4] [292] Sustainable Transport Award [293] [294] [295] [296] [297] 15-minute city Carlos Moreno (urbanist) Anne Hidalgo [298] [299] [300] walkable walkability [301] [302] List of Paris railway stations Paris Métro Réseau Express Régional Transilien Tramways in Île-de-France Paris Métro Gare du Nord Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare d'Austerlitz Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Gare de Bercy high-speed rail TGV Eurostar Intercity Express Frecciarossa Intercités Intercités de nuit Nightjet TER Transilien commuter rail Paris region [303] regional express network RER A Paris region a light rail network, the tramway Charles de Gaulle Airport [304] 5th busiest airport system in the world Charles de Gaulle Airport third-busiest airport in Europe [update] [305] [306] Orly Airport Beauvais–Tillé Airport [307] general aviation Paris–Le Bourget Airport [308] 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic flag carrier Air France [309] low-cost carriers Boulevard Périphérique motorway Périphérique [90] A86 Francilienne Ports of Paris Loire Rhine Rhône Meuse Scheldt Canal Saint-Martin Canal Saint-Denis [310] Vélib' Place de la Bastille cycle paths and routes in Paris [311] bike sharing Vélib' [312] Île-de-France [313] district heating Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine wood pellets [314] Île de la Cité Bateau Mouche Bièvre Canal de l'Ourcq [315] Eugène Belgrand Napoleon III [316] [317] Air pollution particulate matter [318] [319] List of parks and gardens in Paris History of Parks and Gardens of Paris Parc des Buttes-Chaumont [320] Tuileries Garden Tuileries Palace André Le Nôtre [321] Luxembourg Garden Luxembourg Palace Marie de' Medici Senate [322] Jardin des plantes [323] Napoleon III Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Parc Montsouris Parc des Buttes-Chaumont [324] Parc de la Villette Parc André Citroën Parc de Bercy Parc Clichy-Batignolles [325] Promenade des Berges de la Seine Paris Catacombs left bank Holy Innocents' Cemetery Paris's stone mines place Denfert-Rochereau [326] [327] Napoleon [328] Père Lachaise Montmartre Montparnasse Passy Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen Cimetière parisien de Pantin Pantin Bobigny Ivry Bagneux [329] Oscar Wilde Frédéric Chopin Jim Morrison Édith Piaf Serge Gainsbourg [330] Education in Paris Sorbonne University licence [331] [332] University of Paris Sorbonne thirteen autonomous universities student demonstrations in 1968 Latin Quarter [333] grandes écoles grands établissements École Normale Supérieure PSL University 5th arrondissement [334] Conservatoire national des arts et métiers Polytechnic Institute of Paris Paris Cité University Paris-Saclay University Sorbonne University Sciences Po [335] HEC Paris ESSEC Business School ESCP Business School INSEAD [336] Paris Sciences et Lettres University [337] Hôtel-Dieu de Paris Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris [338] [338] Hôtel-Dieu [339] Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Hôpital Cochin Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou Bicêtre Hospital Beaujon Hospital Curie Institute Lariboisière Hospital Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital Hôpital Saint-Louis Hôpital de la Charité American Hospital of Paris United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [340] European Space Agency International Energy Agency European Securities and Markets Authority European Banking Authority List of twin towns and sister cities in France twinned [341] [342] Rome [343] [344] [345] [346] [341] Algiers Amman Amsterdam Athens Beijing Beirut Berlin Brazzaville Buenos Aires Cairo Casablanca Chicago Copenhagen Dakar Doha Geneva Istanbul Jakarta Jericho Kinshasa Kyoto Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Montevideo Montreal Moscow Phnom Penh Porto Alegre Prague Quebec City Rabat Ramallah Rio de Janeiro Riyadh Saint Petersburg Sanaa San Francisco Santiago São Paulo Seoul Sofia Sydney Tbilisi Tel Aviv Tokyo Tunis Warsaw Washington, D.C. Yerevan France portal Cities portal Art Nouveau in Paris Art Deco in Paris C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts Megacity Outline of France Outline of Paris Paris syndrome Parish and Civil Registers in Paris ^ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ [paʁi] ⓘ ^ French ^ \"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" Archived a b c d e \"Département: Paris (75); Unité urbaine: Paris (00851); Région: Île-de-France (11); Aire d'attraction des villes: Paris (001)\" INSEE a b c \"Estimation de la population au 1ᵉʳ Janvier 2025 - Séries par région, département, sexe et âge\" INSEE a b \"Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility\" Archived ^ Nègre 1990 a b c Falileyev 2010 ^ Lambert 1994 ^ Delamarre 2003 a b Delamarre 2003 ^ Busse 2006 ^ Dottin 1920 help ^ Arbois de Jubainville & Dottin 1889 ^ Cunliffe 2004 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Schmidt 2009 ^ Schmidt 2009 ^ Schmidt 2009 ^ Meunier 2014 a b Schmidt 2009 ^ ^ Jones 1994 a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Les dix secrets de Notre-Dame de Paris\" Archived ^ Bussmann 1985 ^ de Vitriaco & Hinnebusch 1972 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ \"Paris history facts\" Archived ^ ^ ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day\" Archived ^ Bayrou 1994 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon ISBN 978-0-671-21988-8 Archived ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ \"Paris\" Archived ^ Paine 1998 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Sarmant 2012 a b c Sarmant 2012 a b De Moncan 2012 ^ Rougerie 2014 ^ Fraser & Spalding 2011 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art ISBN 978-0-8021-9740-5 the original ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ ISBN 978-0-520-22537-4 ^ \"The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí\" Archived ^ Anti-Imperial Metropolis Archived Wayback Machine ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on\" Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Bell & de-Shalit 2011 ^ \"Paris, Banks of the Seine\" Archived ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ \"City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe – Mayor of Paris\" Archived ^ \"Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens\" the original ^ \"Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris'\" The Independent Archived ^ \"€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed\" Archived ^ \"Le Metro du Grand Paris\" Archived ^ \"2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts\" Archived ^ \"Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées\" Archived ^ \"Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine\" Archived ^ \"Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127\" Archived ^ \"Paris attacks death toll rises to 130\" RTÉ.ie Archived ^ \"'Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord\" Archived ^ \"tadao ando to transform paris' historic stock exchange into art museum for françois pinault\" ^ \"François Pinault's Major Contemporary Art Museum Finally Opens in Paris\" a b \"Notre-Dame Cathedral Fire | Before & After the Fire\" ^ \"How the Iconic Notre Dame Cathedral Was Rebuilt After the Devastating 2019 Fire\" ^ \"World Cities 2024\" a b \"Paris\" Archived ^ Blackmore & McConnachie 2004 a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Key figures for Paris\" the original ^ arXiv 2507.13075 ^ \"Köppen climates and Scheffer index as indicators of timber risk in Europe (1901–2020)\" doi 10.1186/s40494-023-00992-7 ISSN 2050-7445 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions\" ^ Goldstein 2005 ^ \"Climate in Paris\" the original ^ \"Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide\" Archived ^ \"Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities\" Archived ^ \"Paris weather\" Archived ^ \"42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu !\" Archived ^ \"Géographie de la capitale – Le climat\" the original ^ \"Paris–Montsouris (984)\" the original ^ \"Normes et records 1961–1990: Paris-Montsouris (75) – altitude 75m\" the original ^ \"Paris, France – Climate data\" Archived a b Fierro 1996 ^ \"Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris\" the original ^ \"Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris\" The Guardian ISSN 0261-3077 Archived a b \"Code électoral – Article L260\" Archived ^ \"Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I\" Archived ^ Shales 2007 ^ \"Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet\" Archived a b c \"Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1\" Archived ^ \"Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris\" Archived a b \"La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016\" Archived ^ \"Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris\" the original ^ \"Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin\" Archived ^ \"Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire\" Archived ^ \"Matignon Hotel\" Archived ^ Knapp & Wright 2006 ^ Borrus 2012 ^ \"A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg\" Archived ^ \"Introduction\" Archived ^ \"Histoire & Patrimoine\" the original ^ \"Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel\" the original a b \"Présentation générale\" Archived ^ \"Accueil\" Archived ^ \"France\" Archived ^ \"Paris Street Evolution\" doi 10.1038/srep02153 ISSN 2045-2322 PMC 3703887 PMID 23835429 S2CID 11824030 ^ ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3 ^ Braimoh & Vlek 2008 a b \"Plan des hauteurs\" the original ^ \"Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle\" Archived ^ ^ \"Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75)\" Archived a b \"Un territoire ancien et de petite taille\" the original ^ ^ ^ \"Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France\" Archived ^ Masson 1984 ^ Yarri 2008 ^ Gordon 2006 ^ Castells 1983 ^ Tomas et al. 2003 a b \"Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles\" the original ^ \"Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus)\" the original ^ \"Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France\" Archived ^ INSEE \"Individus localisés à la région en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers détail\" ^ INSEE \"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2019 - Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ \"The World's Most Densely Populated Cities\" Archived ^ \"Statistics on European cities\" Archived ^ Commune data sheet Paris EHESS ^ ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques \"Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056)\" Archived ^ INSEE \"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851)\" Archived a b \"Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs\" Archived ^ \"Functional areas – Definition\" INSEE Archived ^ INSEE \"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)\" Archived ^ INSEE \"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière\" Archived ^ \"Population statistics at regional level\" the original ^ \"Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75)\" Insee the original ^ \"Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" Insee the original ^ \"Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" Insee the original ^ \"Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75)\" Insee the original ^ \"Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés\" Insee Archived ^ ISBN 978-1-349-13618-6 ^ After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe ISBN 978-3-658-02594-6 Archived ^ \"que pese l'Islam en France\" Archived ^ \"How does France count its muslim population?\" Archived ^ \"Interview with Dalil Boubakeur\" Archived ^ \"Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France\" Archived ^ \"World Jewish Population 2014\" Archived ^ \"La Défense, Europe's largest business district\" the original ^ \"Largest banks worldwide as of December 2021, by assets\" Archived ^ \"De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges\" Archived ^ \"Department of Paris; Complete Dossier\" Archived ^ \"Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier\" Archived ^ \"EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" Archived ^ \"La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008\" Archived a b \"En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale\" Archived ^ \"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions\" Archived ^ \"Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions\" Archived ^ \"L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe\" Archived ^ \"The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025\" Archived ^ \"GDP in value (current prices) – Metropolitan France\" Archived ^ \"GDP in value (current prices) – Île-de-France\" Archived a b c d e f g h i j k l \"L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux\" Archived ^ ^ \"Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde\" Courrier International Archived ^ \"Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris\" Archived ^ \"The world's most, and least, expensive cities\" ISSN 0013-0613 Archived a b c d e \"Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007\" Archived ^ \"Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013\" Archived ^ \"Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line\" the original ^ ^ ^ \"Euromonitor International reveals world's Top 100 City Destinations for 2024\" a b \"Bilan de l'année touristique 2022 à Paris Île-de-France (mars 2023)\" Archived a b c d \"Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020\" the original ^ \"The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok\" Forbes Archived ^ \"Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016\" Archived ^ \"Hoteliers welcome Paris decision forcing Airbnb hosts to register rentals\" Archived ^ \"'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese\" BBC News Archived ^ Montclos 2003 a b c d e f g h i Michelin 2011 ^ Perry 1995 ^ ^ ^ \"Municipal museums\" Archived ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Schumacher 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Who's Where Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France\" Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"Notre Dame Renovations\" Archived ^ \"Les Miserables\" Archived ^ \"Jules Verne\" ^ \"Official site of the Nobel Prize\" Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ ^ Damschroeder & Williams 1990 ^ Georges Bizet: Carmen Archived Wayback Machine ^ The Essential Canon of Classical Music ISBN 978-1-4668-0726-6 Archived ^ Dregni 2004 a b Dregni 2008 a b Mroue 2006 a b c \"Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris\" Archived ^ Bezbakh 2004 ^ \"Rock en Seine '13\" Archived ^ \"Orchestre de Paris\" the original ^ Édith Piaf biography AllMusic ^ \"Hip-Hop à la Française\" The New York Times Archived ^ \"PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE\" Archived ^ \"The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles\" Archived ^ \"Le Cinéma à Paris\" Archived ^ \"2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris\" The Times of India Archived ^ Fierro 1996 a b Fierro 1996 ^ Dominé 2014 ^ ^ \"Michelin Guide\" Michelin Guide Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris\" Archived ^ Fashion Journalism Routledge ISBN 978-1-136-47536-8 Archived ^ The Fundamentals of Fashion Management ISBN 978-2-940411-58-0 Archived ^ \"Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods\" Archived ^ Department of Photographs, Photography and Surrealism, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Archived Wayback Machine ^ Hazan 2011 ^ \"Le Figaro\" Archived ^ \"French and Francophone Publications\" Archived ^ \"Paris's Top Newspapers\" Archived ^ \"Agence France-Presse\" Archived ^ \"France 24\" Archived ^ \"France Diplomatie\" Archived ^ \"French and Francophone TV Stations\" Archived ^ \"France's Radio Stations\" the original ^ \"La Poste\" the original a b BlackmoreMcConnachie 2004 ^ \"How to find us\" Bibliothèque nationale de France the original a b \"At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word\" Archived ^ \"Paris-Sorbonne libraries\" Archived ^ \"French Libraries and Archives\" Archived ^ \"London has several major football clubs. Why does Paris only have one?\" Archived ^ \"Rugby union in France: How Massy changed the game in Paris\" a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Paris FC join PSG in Ligue 1 for 1st time in 46 yrs\" ^ \"The football club founded by Jules Rimet battles its way back\" ^ \"Locations of League: Paris\" ^ \"Wigan Warriors and Catalans Dragons progress Paris plans for 2026\" ^ \"From Paris to Tahiti: All to know about the Olympics 2024 venues\" ^ \"BARCELONA GETS 1992 SUMMER OLYMPICS\" Archived ^ \"OLYMPICS; Beijing Wins Bid for 2008 Olympic Games (Published 2001)\" Archived ^ \"Inside Paris' long history with the Olympic Games\" ^ \"EURO 2016: All you need to know\" UEFA ^ \"UEFA Champions League Finals 1956-2025\" RSSSF Archived ^ \"2013 route\" the original ^ \"Roland-Garros\" Archived ^ \"Paris Masters 2024: Preview, full schedule, and how to watch live men's tour action with crucial ATP Finals ranking points available\" Archived ^ \"Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)\" the original ^ \"EuroCup\" ^ \"Histoire | Club | PSG Handball\" the original ^ \"Paris Football Team | The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France\" Archived ^ \"Le web des voyageurs franciliens\" the original ^ \"Optile en bref\" Archived ^ \"On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals\" Archived ^ \"Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award\" Archived ^ \"Bikes overtake cars as means of transport in Paris\" The Local the original ^ \"Cycling is now more popular than driving in the centre of Paris, study finds\" the original ^ \"5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities\" Archived ^ \"How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris\" Archived ^ \"Paris' Vision for a '15-Minute City' Sparks a Global Movement\" ^ \"Why walking and public transport must be integrated\" ^ \"Mobility changes in Greater Paris -Grand Paris- Historical trends, current and emerging developments\" ^ \"The time of the whole car city is over': How is Paris encouraging walking and cycling?\" ^ \"How Paris became a 15-minute city\" ^ \"Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris\" the original ^ \"2023 Airport Traffic Report\" ^ \"List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)\" Archived ^ \"ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports\" Archived ^ \"Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014\" Archived ^ \"Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013\" Archived ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Jefferson 2009 ^ Hart 2004 ^ Rand 2010 ^ \"La production électrique en IdF\" Archived ^ \"Paris to be heated with US wood pellets\" Archived ^ \"Historique des égouts\" the original ^ Burchell 1971 ^ \"Les égouts parisiens\" the original ^ Air pollution in Paris Archived Wayback Machine ^ \"Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in\" Archived ^ Jarrassé 2007 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Le Jardin de Plantes\" Archived ^ Jarrassé 2007 ^ Jarrassé 2007 ^ Whaley 2012 ^ Broadwell 2007 ^ Ayers 2004 ^ \"Les 20 cimetières Parisiens\" Archived ^ \"Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris\" Archived ^ \"Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009\" Archived ^ \"L'enseignement\" the original ^ Combeau 2013 ^ \"Contact and Maps\" École Normale Supérieure the original ^ \"Classement QS 2024 : Sciences Po devient la 2ème meilleure université mondiale en \"Politics\"\" ^ Financial Times \"European Business School Rankings 2023\" ^ ARWU \"2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities\" a b \"Rapport Annuel 2008\" the original ^ \"Hotel Dieu\" Archived ^ |Where we are |publisher oecd.org |accessed on 30 August 2016 a b \"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération\" Archived ^ \"Twinning Rome – Paris\" Archived \"Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali\" Archived ^ \"Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014)\" Archived ^ \"Twinning with Rome\" the original ^ \"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération\" the original ^ \"International relations: special partners\" the original Larousse Paris ISBN 978-2-03-585012-6 Archived Les premiers habitants de l'Europe Archived The Architecture of Paris ISBN 978-3-930698-96-7 Archived Bayrou, François Henri IV: le roi libre ISBN 978-2-7028-3282-0 Archived Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949: 1944–1949 ISBN 978-0-14-191288-2 Archived The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age ISBN 978-1-4008-3972-8 Archived National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe ISBN 978-1-4094-8725-8 Archived The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV ISBN 978-0-8223-0214-8 Archived ISBN 978-2-03-505369-5 Rough Guide to Paris ISBN 978-1-84353-078-7 Archived Rough Guide Paris Directions ISBN 978-1-84353-317-7 Archived ISBN 978-2-7071-3904-7 Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France ISBN 978-0-8018-6810-8 Archived Frommer's Paris 2013 ISBN 978-1-118-33143-9 Archived Five Hundred Buildings of Paris ISBN 978-1-60376-267-0 Archived Land Use and Soil Resources ISBN 978-1-4020-6778-5 Archived City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below ISBN 978-1-4257-9022-6 Archived Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0 Archived Paris and the Ile de France ISBN 978-0-86350-038-1 Archived Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966 Archived Encyclopedia of the Black Death ISBN 978-1-59884-254-8 Archived The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements ISBN 978-0-520-05617-6 Archived Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe ISBN 978-0-521-65098-4 Archived Histoire de Paris ISBN 978-2-13-060852-3 Histoire de Paris ISBN 978-2-13-053865-3 Archived Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities ISBN 978-1-4179-4646-4 Archived Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest ISBN 978-0-415-34779-2 Archived Paris ISBN 978-1-4396-4101-9 Archived Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide ISBN 978-0-918728-99-9 Archived Delamarre, Xavier ISBN 978-2-87772-369-5 ISBN 978-2-907970-91-4 ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3 ISBN 978-3-8331-1129-7 A Summer in '69 ISBN 978-1-60976-878-2 Archived La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire ISBN 978-2-05-100208-0 Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend ISBN 978-0-19-803743-9 Archived Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing ISBN 978-0-19-804262-4 Archived Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie jusqu'en 1870 ISBN 978-2-910305-02-4 Archived The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire ISBN 978-0-8032-1653-2 Archived Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers ... Archived Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance? ISBN 978-0-203-45974-4 Archived ISBN 978-0-9557182-3-6 ISBN 978-1-74059-850-7 ISBN 978-0-7859-9300-1 Marie Antoinette in the Conciergerie, a lecture Archived Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art ISBN 978-0-8021-3997-9 Archived Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails ISBN 978-0-7391-6749-6 Archived AARP Paris 2012 ISBN 978-1-118-26621-2 Archived The making of revolutionary Paris ISBN 978-0-520-24327-9 Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism ISBN 978-1-107-07305-0 Archived Droughts And Heat Waves: A Practical Survival Guide ISBN 978-1-4042-0536-9 Archived The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City ISBN 978-0-415-20082-0 Archived ISBN 978-0-415-28061-7 The World of the Paris Café: Sociability Among the French Working Class, 1789–1914 ISBN 978-0-8018-6070-6 Archived The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe ISBN 978-1-136-54768-3 Archived The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 ISBN 978-0-521-81126-2 Archived Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital ISBN 978-1-85703-985-6 Archived Politics and Religion in France and the United States ISBN 978-0-7391-1930-3 Archived The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps ISBN 978-1-84467-800-6 Archived A Chronological Account of the History of France 72 Paris: Capital of the World ISBN 978-0-674-03864-6 Archived Seven Ages of Paris ISBN 978-0-679-45481-6 Paris and Versailles ISBN 978-2-7131-0202-8 Archived Through the French Canals ISBN 978-1-4081-0381-4 Archived Paris: Biography of a City ISBN 978-0-14-028292-4 Archived The Cambridge Illustrated History of France 48 ISBN 978-0-521-66992-4 Grammaire des jardins parisiens: de l'héritage des rois aux créations contemporaines ISBN 978-2-84096-476-6 Archived Paris ISBN 978-1-85828-679-2 The Engaged Sociologist: Connecting the Classroom to the Community ISBN 978-1-4129-6900-0 Archived The Government and Politics of France ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6 Dover Publications ISBN 978-0-486-29078-2 Lambert, Pierre-Yves ISBN 978-2-87772-089-2 Paris (City Guide) ISBN 978-981-282-079-2 Le refrain dans la chanson française: de Bruant à Renaud ISBN 978-2-84287-096-6 Archived Inner City Poverty in Paris and London ISBN 978-0-415-41762-4 Archived The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France ISBN 978-81-317-3145-1 Archived Gourmet Archived ISBN 978-2-7373-6217-0 Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013 ISBN 978-2-06-718220-2 Archived Paris, City of Art ISBN 978-0-86565-226-2 Archived Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach ISBN 978-1-134-25561-0 Archived Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris ISBN 978-0-470-03712-6 Archived Nègre, Ernest ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7 Paris Encounter ISBN 978-1-74220-503-8 Archived Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects ISBN 978-0-203-42794-1 Archived Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage ISBN 978-0-8093-8588-1 Archived ISBN 978-1-84595-065-1 Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings ISBN 978-0-19-283557-4 Archived Planning Paris Before Haussmann ISBN 978-0-8018-7930-2 Archived Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s ISBN 978-0-7190-4165-5 Archived Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s ISBN 978-1-111-83171-4 Archived The French Connection ISBN 978-1-58685-529-1 Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World ISBN 978-0-9812952-0-6 Archived Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris ISBN 978-0-330-52254-0 Archived A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light ISBN 978-1-4405-0740-3 Archived Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture ISBN 978-0-415-13187-2 Archived ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5 Yourcenar ISBN 978-1-904341-28-4 Archived Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati ISBN 978-0-8166-4520-6 Archived Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation ISBN 978-2-7558-0330-3 Archived Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis ISBN 978-2-262-03015-5 Archived Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918 ISBN 978-0-521-23014-8 Archived ISBN 978-0-520-22537-4 Paris ISBN 978-1-84537-661-1 Archived Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? ISBN 978-0-11-702360-4 Archived Paris Fashion: A Cultural History ISBN 978-1-85973-973-0 Archived The Statue of Liberty ISBN 978-0-7607-3890-0 Archived Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 ISBN 978-1-85285-057-9 Archived Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective ISBN 978-2-7605-2209-1 Archived Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue ISBN 978-2-86272-260-3 Archived \"Paris\" Chisholm, Hugh Encyclopædia Britannica The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry Archived Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris ISBN 978-0-7844-1010-3 Archived Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death ISBN 978-1-136-81060-2 Archived Coronation Rites 106 Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968 ISBN 978-90-420-2500-4 Archived \"Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation\" ISBN 978-2-13-053723-6 Archived Bibliography of Paris Vincent Cronin Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914 HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-312-04876-1 ISBN 978-0-00-215191-7 Fayard ISBN 978-2-213-59874-1 ISBN 978-2-86930-648-6 Paris: The Biography of a City Penguin Viking ISBN 978-0-670-03393-5 ISBN 978-2-02-012864-3 ISBN 978-0-226-87023-6 Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Paris Official website v t e Paris Arrondissements Paris Centre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th Administration Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architecture era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culture music Cycling Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History timeline Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums list Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism syndrome Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France v t e Paris Marseille Lyon Toulouse Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes Toulon Reims Saint-Étienne Le Havre Villeurbanne Dijon Angers Grenoble Saint-Denis, Réunion Nîmes Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Aix-en-Provence Clermont-Ferrand Le Mans Brest Tours Amiens Annecy Limoges Metz Perpignan Boulogne-Billancourt Besançon Orléans Rouen Montreuil Caen Argenteuil Saint-Paul Mulhouse Nancy Complete list v t e Tourism in Paris Landmarks Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Napoleon's tomb Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse Museums list Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de la Vie romantique Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Palais de Tokyo Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz Parks and gardens list Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château Gardens of Versailles Grand Trianon Petit Trianon Fresh pavilion Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte Culture and events Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome v t e Paris transport network Métro RER Transilien Tramway Bus RATP Tvm Noctilien CDGVAL Orlyval Montmartre Funicular Grand Paris Express CDG Express Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger IDFM RATP SNCF Optile Keolis Transdev Navigo card Public transport fares in the Île-de-France Versement transport List of Paris Métro stations Architecture Ghost stations RER Transilien in Paris List of tram stops v t e Communes Paris metropolitan area Paris Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres v t e Île-de-France Paris Essonne Évry-Courcouronnes Three arrondissements 21 cantons 194 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Hauts-de-Seine Nanterre Three arrondissements 23 cantons 36 communes 13 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Paris Paris One departmental arrondissement 1 commune 20 municipal arrondissements 80 administrative quarters 18 legislative constituencies 1 intercommunality Seine-et-Marne Melun Five arrondissements 23 cantons 507 communes 11 legislative constituencies 21 intercommunalities Seine-Saint-Denis Bobigny Three arrondissements 21 cantons 40 communes 12 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Val-de-Marne Créteil Three arrondissements 25 cantons 47 communes 11 legislative constituencies 3 EPTs Val-d'Oise Pontoise Three arrondissements 21 cantons 184 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Yvelines Versailles Four arrondissements 21 cantons 259 communes 12 legislative constituencies 10 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The Pompidou Centre, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée National d'Art Moderne citation needed [ ] [ ] Lutetia [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [paʁizjɛ̃] ⓘ [paʁiɡo] ⓘ [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in clarification needed [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] merde [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Petit Palais Petit Palais [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] relevant? [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [fr] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (≥ 1.0 mm) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] conseil d'arrondissement [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Île-de-France [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] verification needed [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Crédit Agricole Crédit Agricole [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Opéra Garnier [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée National d'Art Moderne Petit Palais Petit Palais [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Académie française Académie française [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Les Deux Magots Les Deux Magots Les Deux Magots Les Deux Magots [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (in French) (in Italian) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] France portal Cities portal ^ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ, French pronunciation:[paʁi]ⓘ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ˈpæ.rɪs ˈ p æ . r ɪ s ⓘ French pronunciation: [paʁi] ⓘ ^ French: la Ville Lumière ^ \"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr (in French). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. ^ abcde \"Département: Paris (75); Unité urbaine: Paris (00851); Région: Île-de-France (11); Aire d'attraction des villes: Paris (001)\". insee.fr. INSEE. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 24 January 2025. . Retrieved 24 January 2025 24 January ^ abc \"Estimation de la population au 1ᵉʳ Janvier 2025 - Séries par région, département, sexe et âge\". insee.fr. INSEE. 14 January 2025. Retrieved 24 January 2025. . Retrieved 24 January 2025 24 January ^ ab Zhang, Yiqian (26 November 2019). \"Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility\". ICLEI – Sustainable Mobility, 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. . Retrieved 7 January 2024 7 January ^ Nègre 1990, p. 155. ^ abc Falileyev 2010, s.v. 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Shack, Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars, University of California Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-520-22537-4, ^ Meisler, Stanley (April 2005). \"The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí\". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014. . Retrieved 12 July 2014 12 July ^ Goebel, Anti-Imperial MetropolisArchived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 217. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 637. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 218. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 242–243. ^ Kim Willsher (17 October 2011). \"France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014. . Retrieved 26 October 2014 26 October ^ Fierro 1996, p. 658. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 226. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 260. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 222. ^ Combeau 2003, pp. 107–108. ^ Bell & de-Shalit 2011, p. 247. ^ \"Paris, Banks of the Seine\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 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                    "Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris, and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845.",
                    "From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France. By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.",
                    "With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste.",
                    "Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences."
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              "description": "Paris is the <strong>capital</strong> and most populous city <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>. Situated on the Seine River, in the north of the country, it is in the centre of the Île-de-<strong>France</strong> region, also known as the région parisienne, &quot;Paris Region&quot;. The City of Paris has an area of 105 km² and a population of 2,241,346 (2014 ...",
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              "title": "List of capitals of France - Wikipedia",
              "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_France",
              "description": "This is a chronological list <strong>of</strong> <strong>capitals</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>. <strong>The</strong> <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong> has been Paris since its liberation in 1944. ... Paris (987–1419), the residence of the Kings <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, although they were consecrated at Reims. Orléans (1108), one of the few consecrations of a French monarch to ...",
              "content": "List of capitals of France\nChronology References\nThis is a chronological list of capitals of France. The capital of France has been Paris since its liberation in 1944.[1] Provisional seats of the government:\nCatalà Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Tournai (before 486), current-day Belgium Soissons (486–936) Laon (936–987) Paris (987–1419), the residence of the Kings of France, although they were consecrated at Reims. Orléans (1108), one of the few consecrations of a French monarch to occur outside of Reims occurred at Orléans, when Louis VI the Fat was consecrated in Orléans Cathedral by Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens; from 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561, the French States-General also met in the city. Troyes (1419–1422), for a short time during the Hundred Years' War, the city was the seat of the royal government. Bourges (1422–1444), Charles VII was forced to flee from Paris. Tours (1444–1527), Louis XI made the Château de Plessis-lez-Tours his residence. Paris (1528–1589), Francis I had established his court in Paris. Tours (1589–1594), faction of parliamentarians, faithful to King Henry IV sat at Tours. Paris (1594–1682)[citation needed] Versailles (1682–1789), from 1682 to 1715, Louis XIV made Versailles his residence and the seat of the French court. Paris (1789–1871), on 5 and 6 October 1789, a throng from Paris invaded the castle and forced the royal family to move back to Paris. The National Constituent Assembly followed the King to Paris soon afterward; Versailles lost its role of capital city. Versailles (1871), the French Third Republic established Versailles as its provisional seat of government in March 1871 after the Paris Commune took control of Paris. Bordeaux (September 1914), the government was relocated from Paris to Bordeaux very briefly during World War I, when it was feared that Paris would soon fall into German hands. These fears were alleviated after the German Army was pushed back at the First Battle of the Marne. Tours (10–13 June 1940), the city served as the temporary capital of France during World War II after the government fled Paris due to the German advance. Bordeaux (June 1940), the government was relocated from Paris to Tours then Bordeaux very briefly during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands. Clermont-Ferrand (29 June 1940), the government was relocated from Bordeaux to Clermont-Ferrand, during a single day, before going to Vichy, which had a larger hotel capacity. Vichy (1940–1944), the Third Republic was abolished in Vichy and replaced it with the French State. Brazzaville (1940–1943), with metropolitan France under Axis powers rule, Brazzaville was announced as the seat of the Free France government. Algiers (1943–1944), the city was made the seat of Free France, to be closer to the war in Europe. Paris (1945–present day). ^(in French)\"Le retour à la République\", www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. France history-related lists Capitals by country France geography-related lists Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022\nCatalà Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Simple English Edit links Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item verification improve this article adding citations to reliable sources \"List of capitals of France\" news newspapers books scholar JSTOR Learn how and when to remove this message France liberation [1] edit Tournai Soissons Laon Paris Reims Orléans Louis VI the Fat Orléans Cathedral Daimbert Sens French States-General Troyes Hundred Years' War Bourges Charles VII Tours Louis XI Château de Plessis-lez-Tours Francis I Henry IV citation needed Versailles Louis XIV National Constituent Assembly French Third Republic Paris Commune Bordeaux World War I First Battle of the Marne World War II Clermont-Ferrand Vichy French State Brazzaville metropolitan France Axis powers Free France Algiers Free France Paris edit ^ \"Le retour à la République\" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_of_France&oldid=1297013424 Categories France history-related lists Capitals by country France geography-related lists Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022\nToggle the table of contents List of capitals of France 6 languages Català Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Simple English Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: \"List of capitals of France\" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR Find sources: \"List of capitals of France\" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR (July 2012) July 2012 (Learn how and when to remove this message) [ ] [edit] [ edit ] citation needed [edit] [ edit ] ^ (in French)\"Le retour à la République\", www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. (in French)",
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              "description": "See details of Paris history. The French Kings, who governed <strong>France</strong>, from 448 until 1848, commissioned many beautiful monuments, such as Versailles Palace and the Louvre Museum. The Catholic Church and Parisians built many great churches, including Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. Paris is a world <strong>capital</strong> ...",
              "content": "Paris facts: Paris, the capital of France Paris facts: Paris history Paris facts: Paris, a world city Paris facts: the capital of France in history\nParis is the capital of France, the largest country of Europe with 550 000 km2 (65 millions inhabitants). Paris has 2.234 million inhabitants end 2011. She is the core of Ile de France region (12 million people). Founded more than 2000 years ago, Paris is a modern and vibrant city with significant commercial, cultural, academic, scientific, administrative, business activity. From the Romans to the Vth Republic, Paris has a rich 2000 year history. See details of Paris history. The French Kings, who governed France, from 448 until 1848, commissioned many beautiful monuments, such as Versailles Palace and the Louvre Museum. The Catholic Church and Parisians built many great churches, including Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. Paris is a world capital city of shopping and fashion, with Channel, Dior, Vuitton, Yves Saint Laurent among many other top french fashion brands. The French tradition of good food still prevails in many restaurants, including gastronomic restaurants and excellent family style places. All of this turns Paris into a unique tourist city. Before Paris, the capital of France was Lyon (under the Romans). Paris first became the capital of France in 508 under King Clovis. After centuries with no unique capital of France, Paris retrieved its status of capital of France under King Philippe Auguste, who reigned between 1180 and 1223. You can see remains of the Philippe August Paris walls in the passageway between the Louvre parking and Louvre Museum Paris remained the capital of France until today, with one four year interruption. During German occupation (WW2 , 1940-1944), the capital of France was Vichy. go to top Reference: http://www.parisdigest.com/information/facts.htm\nHom e Spain Sydney San Francisco Paris Las Vegas Maui France Europe commercial cultural business Paris history monuments Versailles Palace Louvre Museum great churches Notre Dame Sainte Chapelle shopping fashion top french fashion brands restaurants gastronomic restaurants family style places Lyon King Philippe Auguste Louvre parking and Louvre Museum Vichy go to top",
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                    "Before Paris, the capital of France was Lyon (under the Romans). Paris first became the capital of France in 508 under King Clovis. After centuries with no unique capital of France, Paris retrieved its status of capital of France under King Philippe Auguste, who reigned between 1180 and 1223.",
                    "Paris is the capital of France, the largest country of Europe with 550 000 km2 (65 millions inhabitants).",
                    "Paris remained the capital of France until today, with one four year interruption."
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              "description": "Paris, city and <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, located along the Seine River, in the north-central part of the country. Paris is one of the world’s most important and attractive cities, famed for its gastronomy, haute couture, painting, literature, and intellectual community.",
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                    "What investigators know about destabilization actions in France • Sep. 14, 2025, 2:05 AM ET (Le Monde) ‘Block Everything’ protests turn new French PM’s first day into chaos • Sep. 10, 2025, 7:00 PM ET (AP) Zelenskyy, European leaders push for US-backed security guarantees amid ongoing Russian strikes • Sep. 4, 2025, 8:39 AM ET (AP) Show less · Paris, city and capital of France, situated in the north-central part of the country.",
                    "Paris’s site at a crossroads of both water and land routes significant not only to France but also to Europe has had a continuing influence on its growth. Under Roman administration, in the 1st century bce, the original site on the Île de la Cité was designated the capital of the Parisii tribe and territory.",
                    "The Frankish king Clovis I had taken Paris from the Gauls by 494 ce and later made his capital there. Under Hugh Capet (ruled 987–996) and the Capetian dynasty the preeminence of Paris was firmly established, and Paris became the political and cultural hub as modern France took shape.",
                    "Paris is the national capital of France."
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              "description": "Discover Paris and learn French, the pleasure of making progress. Paris is the city to visit while improving your French.",
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                    "Paris is the city of romance par excellence, the fashion capital and the best example of French art de vivre. Exploring Paris is an essential rite of passage for anyone who decides to learn French and get to know France. There are so many things to do and see in Paris that, however long you stay, it won't seem long enough.",
                    "You can climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower to enjoy breathtaking views of the city, wander along the Champs-Elysées, visit the Louvre, have fun at Disneyland Paris, go shopping or window-shopping in the stores of Le Marais and the Place des Vosges. Enjoying an ice-cream or macaroons on a terrace, enjoying the parks and gardens, seeing a musical or taking part in an Escape Game are all things you can do in the capital.",
                    "In Paris, our program meets the expectations of juniors and the requirements of their parents. Teens are sure to love their stay on an international campus with other teens from the world over, as well as activities, parties and exploring the curiosities of the capital.",
                    "In terms of internet access, there are many internet cafés and free wifi in public places (libraries, parks etc.). In terms of transport, the métro (subway) and RER (regional train network) run between 6 a.m. and 1 a.m. At night, the Noctilien (night bus) runs from 0:30 to 5:30 a.m."
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                    "As one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—together with the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, and China—France has the right to veto decisions put to the council. ... The capital and by far the most important city of France is Paris, one of the world’s preeminent cultural and commercial centres.",
                    "France, 1180 to c. 1490 ... While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. ... Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ... Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. ... John N. Tuppen · Professor of Intercultural Communication and Linguistics, Lyon College of Business, France.",
                    "Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... ... France sends jets to Poland, the UK ramps up sanctions in a signal to Russia not to escalate • Sep."
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                    "Dive into the charm of Paris, the capital of France! Explore its rich history, iconic attractions, and delectable cuisine in our guide. Click to learn more!/",
                    "One interruption in Paris's role as capital came during the French Revolution, when fear of Parisian rebellion saw the revolutionary government declare the capital to be Versailles in 1789.  · Its reign lasted less than two years, however, and the city swiftly resumed its role. In the centuries since, the city — for better or worse — has come to embody France itself, enduring fires, plagues, wars, and rebellions.",
                    "Enjoy exploring the past, relishing the present, and marveling at the landscape and soul of Paris.  · It's not just France's capital—it's a world unto itself, waiting to be explored for its every delight.",
                    "Paris, being the culinary capital of France, has a gastronomic scene second to none."
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              "description": "Paris is the <strong>capital</strong> city <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong> and a cultural and culinary hub. In 2024 it played host to its third Olympic Games.",
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                    "Do you know these fabulous French facts and about the City of Lights, Paris? Discover our top 5 Paris facts and learn more about the French capital.",
                    "The first exhibition contained just 537 paintings, while today the museum displays more than 35,000 works of art. That means if you spent just 30 seconds looking at each piece, you would be in the museum for more than 200 days. Arguably the most famous artwork housed within the gallery is the Mona Lisa (La Gioconda in Italian), painted by Leonardo da Vinci sometime between 1503 and 1519. The painting depicts a woman in a half-body portrait with the sitter’s position mostly turned toward the viewer, a groundbreaking idea at the time. King Francis I, whom we met earlier, acquired the work after da Vinci’s death.",
                    "To put it simply, Age of Enlightenment + Paris = The City of Light. ... In the late 19th century, the race to develop technology for capturing and displaying moving pictures was well underway. The two countries leading the charge were France and the USA.",
                    "American Thomas Edison and his modestly self-titled Edison company were the first to produce a moving picture for the masses – well, masses of one. His device, the Kinetoscope, enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. ... But the first people to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience, in anything like the cinemas we have today, were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris, France."
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              "description": "Answer (1 of 3): Most <strong>capitals</strong> around the world are not central. Some are sea-ports, so being inland would not work too well. As in other European countries, the machinery of government was assembled long ago in a place that suited the King and has remained there ever since. The kingdom <strong>of</strong> <strong>Franc</strong>...",
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                    "Accueil > Overview of France · Thématiques · Day-to-day life Discover France · Date de mise à jour 17/12/2019 · Surface area: 633,186 sq. km. Population 66.6 million · Capital city: Paris · Official language: French · Currency: Euro (EUR) System of government: Republic ·",
                    "Prime Minister (Head of Government): Mr. Sébastien LECORNU · The climate in mainland France is temperate, with quite significant regional differences. Temperatures are relatively mild and rainfall occurs throughout the year. Regional variations occur due to latitude and differences in distance to the sea or mountainous areas.",
                    "President of the Republic (Head of State): Mr."
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              "description": "Answer (1 of 3): Is it a serious question? <strong>France</strong> has only one official <strong>capital</strong>, which is Paris, which is The official <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, it is the country&#x27;s political, cultural, and economic center.",
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              "description": "Paris is the <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>. Also known as the &quot;City of Light,&quot; is not only the <strong>capital</strong> but also the most populous city <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>. Paris is renowned",
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                    "However, Paris only became the official capital of France during the reign of Clovis I, in the late 5th and early 6th century. Before Clovis, the Merovingian kings did not rule from a fixed capital, but Clovis established his court in Paris, effectively making it the capital.",
                    "Paris is the capital of France. Also known as the “City of Light,” is not only the capital but also the most populous city of France.",
                    "Since then, with some interruptions, Paris has remained the capital of France.",
                    "In the 5th century, as the Roman Empire declined, the Franks, a group of Germanic tribes, took control of the region. During this period, Clovis I made Paris his capital, marking the beginning of the Merovingian Dynasty and the city’s ascension to national prominence."
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              "description": "Explore the <strong>France</strong> population, the culture, geography <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, and other relevant facts. ... <strong>France</strong> is a large European country. The <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong> is Paris, a well-known city. <strong>France</strong> is very culturally influential.",
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                    "France has one of the highest life expectancies in the world, demonstrating its wealth. It does, however, have an average fertility rate and a below-average birth rate. Paris is the capital of France and one of the most well-known cities in the world.",
                    "Most of France is classified as having an oceanic climate, though the southern regions are Mediterranean in classification. It generally has cool winters and mild summers, with the southern reaches being especially dry and the northern reaches occasionally having cold winters. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account · France is a Western European country. Its capital is Paris, which is well-known for various important sites such as the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, and the Louvre.",
                    "France's official name is the French Republic. France is a democratic country with a republic form of government. This has been the case for many years. France's capital is Paris. France has a population of 68 million. The language of France (French) is spoken by many more millions of people across the world.",
                    "The following is a map of France proper, including Corsica. The capital city of Paris can be found in the northern part of the country."
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              "description": "Okay having some articals online saying it was in 987 but i thought it was the <strong>capital</strong> during Charles the balds reign am I misremembering or is the…",
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                    "Okay having some articals online saying it was in 987 but i thought it was the capital during Charles the balds reign am I misremembering or is the internet oversimplifying things?",
                    "Season 2 out now! | From (2022- TV series): From is an American science fiction-horror television series created and written by John Griffin and executive produced by the Russo brothers. FROM unravels the mystery of a nightmarish town in middle America that traps all those who enter.",
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              "title": "What is the Capital of France? - WorldAtlas",
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              "description": "Paris is the <strong>capital</strong> city <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, as well as the country&#x27;s largest city.",
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                    "Paris is the capital city of France. The city has an approximate area of 41 square miles with a population of 2,206,488 people as of 2018. Contrary to popular belief, the name of the city did not come from the Paris in Greek myths. Instead, the name Paris is derived from the city’s initial inhabitants who were part of the Celtic Parisii tribe.",
                    "As the capital city of France, the city plays host to the national government of France. Even the official residence of the president is in the city at the Élysée Palace while the Prime Minister is housed at the Hôtel Matignon. The Senate or the upper house meets at the Palais du Luxembourg while the Palais Bourbon is the meeting point for the Assemblée Nationale.",
                    "The top 10 French Fortune Global 500 companies have their headquarters in or close to the city. With a GDP of approximately $850 billion, Paris is the country’s leader for economic activities. In 2011, the city emerged fourth in per-capita GDP rankings in Europe while it ranked second among Europe’s regions.",
                    "Located in the north of Central France, the city is relatively flat with the highest point being 427 feet (which is Montmartre) above sea level while the lowest point is 115 feet above the sea level. In a sentence, the climate of Paris can be described as being between mild and moderately wet throughout the year."
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              "description": "✅ This answer is FREE! See the answer to your question: What is the <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>? 1. Paris 2. London 3. Rome - brainly.com",
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                    "The city has played a significant role in various historical events, including the French Revolution, which started in 1789 and led to the establishment of modern France. In comparison, London is the capital of the United Kingdom, and Rome is the capital of Italy; both cities have their own unique histories and cultural significance.",
                    "For example, if someone plans to visit France, they would likely consider visiting Paris for its famous landmarks and vibrant culture. As a major cultural and political center, Paris has been recognized since the Middle Ages, making it a well-established capital. ... You are experiencing issues when trying to transfer files between two computers using FTP. What could be the potential cause(s) of the issue",
                    "The capital of France is Paris, while London and Rome are capitals of the United Kingdom and Italy, respectively.",
                    "The** capital of France** is Paris."
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              "description": "Paris Paris, city and <strong>capital</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>France</strong>, situated in the north-central part of the country. People were living on the site of the present-day city, located along the Seine River some 233 miles (375 km) upstream from the river&#x27;s mouth on the English Channel (La Manche), by about 7600 bce.",
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                    "On July 8, 1951, Paris, the capital city of France, celebrates turning 2,000 years old.",
                    "By 52 B.C., Julius Caesar and the Romans had taken over the area, which eventually became Christianized and known as Lutetia, Latin for “midwater dwelling.” The settlement later spread to both the left and right banks of the Seine and the name Lutetia was replaced with “Paris.” In 987 A.D., Paris became the capital of France.",
                    "Convicted of murder on meager evidence, the singing Wobbly Joe Hill is sentenced on July 8, 1914 to be executed in Utah. A native of Sweden who immigrated to the U.S. in 1879, Joe Hill joined the International Workers of the World (IWW) in 1910. The IWW was an industrial union that rejected the capitalist […]1:40m read",
                    "Hausmann’s designs gave the city wide, tree-lined boulevards, large public parks, a new sewer system and other public works projects. The city continued to develop as an important hub for the arts and culture. In the 1860s, an artistic movement known as French Impression emerged, featuring the work of a group of Paris-based artists that included Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir."
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