# Cache Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/cache JigsawStack's Caching JigsawStack implements caching to improve API performance and reduce latency for your applications. When a request is cached, subsequent identical requests will return faster by serving the cached response instead of processing the request again. ## Cache Duration The cache automatically resets every **24 hours**. After this period, new requests will fetch fresh data and update the cache accordingly.

Skipping the cache may result in slightly increased response times as each request will be processed fresh. Use this option judiciously to balance between data freshness and performance.

## How to Skip Cache If you need to bypass the cache and retrieve fresh data, you can include the `x-jigsaw-skip-cache` header in your requests. ### JavaScript SDK To skip caching in the JavaScript SDK, pass the `x-jigsaw-skip-cache` header during initialization: ```javascript setup.ts theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", headers: { "x-jigsaw-skip-cache": "true", }, }); ``` ### Python SDK In the Python SDK, include the `x-jigsaw-skip-cache` header when creating a JigsawStack instance: ```python setup.py theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack( api_key="your-api-key", headers={ "x-jigsaw-skip-cache": "true", }, ) ``` ### API When using the raw API, include the `x-jigsaw-skip-cache` header in your request: ```javascript theme={null} const headers = { "x-api-key": "", "x-jigsaw-skip-cache": "true", }; const baseUrl = "https://api.jigsawstack.com"; const result = await fetch(`${baseUrl}/v1/ai/summary`, { method: "POST", body: JSON.stringify({ text: "The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral", }), headers, }); ``` ## When to Skip Cache Consider skipping the cache in the following scenarios: * **Real-time data requirements**: When you need the absolute latest information and cannot tolerate any delay from cached data * **Critical updates**: After making changes that affect the data, and you need to verify the updated results immediately * **Testing and debugging**: When developing or troubleshooting to ensure you're seeing current behavior # JigsawStack Badge Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/jigsawstack-badge In return for the free plan, all we ask is that you put our `Powered by JigsawStack` badge in the footer of your website. Powered by JigsawStack. The One API for your next big thing. ## Installation To integrate it into your website, paste the below code snippet into the HTML of your footer. ```html theme={null} Powered by JigsawStack. The One API for your next big thing. ``` You are free to pick a size that works with your design, however, the badge must not go below a minimum width of `150px`. # Supported Languages Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages Complete list of languages supported across JigsawStack APIs ## Overview Our APIs currently support **162 languages** from around the world, including right-to-left (RTL) languages. Each language is identified by a unique ISO 639-1 two-letter code. ## Using Language Codes in API Requests When making requests to JigsawStack APIs that support language specification, use the two-letter language code in your request parameters: ```javascript Example theme={null} // Translating Engligh to Spanish const result = await jigsawstack.translate({ current_language: "en", // language code for English target_language: "es", // language code for Spanish text: "Hello, world!", }); ``` ## Language Table Reference | code | name | native | rtl | | ---- | ------------------ | ------------------------------- | --- | | af | Afrikaans | Afrikaans | | | am | Amharic | አማርኛ | | | ar | Arabic | العربية | ✓ | | as | Assamese | অসমীয়া | | | az | Azerbaijani | Azərbaycanca / آذربايجان | | | ba | Bashkir | Башҡорт | | | be | Belarusian | Беларуская | | | bg | Bulgarian | Български | | | bn | Bengali | বাংলা | | | bo | Tibetan | བོད་ཡིག / Bod skad | | | br | Breton | Brezhoneg | | | bs | Bosnian | Bosanski | | | ca | Catalan | Català | | | ch | Chamorro | Chamoru | | | co | Corsican | Corsu | | | cs | Czech | Česky | | | cy | Welsh | Cymraeg | | | da | Danish | Dansk | | | de | German | Deutsch | | | dv | Divehi | ދިވެހިބަސް | ✓ | | dz | Dzongkha | ཇོང་ཁ | | | el | Greek | Ελληνικά | | | en | English | English | | | eo | Esperanto | Esperanto | | | es | Spanish | Español | | | et | Estonian | Eesti | | | eu | Basque | Euskara | | | fa | Persian | فارسی | ✓ | | ff | Peul | Fulfulde | | | fi | Finnish | Suomi | | | fj | Fijian | Na Vosa Vakaviti | | | fo | Faroese | Føroyskt | | | fr | French | Français | | | fy | West Frisian | Frysk | | | ga | Irish | Gaeilge | | | gd | Scottish Gaelic | Gàidhlig | | | gl | Galician | Galego | | | gn | Guarani | Avañe'ẽ | | | gu | Gujarati | ગુજરાતી | | | gv | Manx | Gaelg | | | ha | Hausa | هَوُسَ | ✓ | | he | Hebrew | עברית | ✓ | | hi | Hindi | हिन्दी | | | hr | Croatian | Hrvatski | | | ht | Haitian | Krèyol ayisyen | | | hu | Hungarian | Magyar | | | hy | Armenian | Հայերեն | | | id | Indonesian | Bahasa Indonesia | | | ig | Igbo | Igbo | | | is | Icelandic | Íslenska | | | it | Italian | Italiano | | | iu | Inuktitut | ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ | | | ja | Japanese | 日本語 | | | jv | Javanese | Basa Jawa | | | ka | Georgian | ქართული | | | kg | Kongo | KiKongo | | | ki | Kikuyu | Gĩkũyũ | | | kj | Kuanyama | Kuanyama | | | kk | Kazakh | Қазақша | | | kl | Greenlandic | Kalaallisut | | | km | Cambodian | ភាសាខ្មែរ | | | kn | Kannada | ಕನ್ನಡ | | | ko | Korean | 한국어 | | | kr | Kanuri | Kanuri | | | ks | Kashmiri | कश्मीरी / كشميري | ✓ | | ku | Kurdish | Kurdî / كوردی | ✓ | | kv | Komi | Коми | | | kw | Cornish | Kernewek | | | ky | Kirghiz | Kırgızca / Кыргызча | | | la | Latin | Latina | | | lb | Luxembourgish | Lëtzebuergesch | | | lg | Ganda | Luganda | | | li | Limburgian | Limburgs | | | ln | Lingala | Lingála | | | lo | Laotian | ລາວ / Pha xa lao | | | lt | Lithuanian | Lietuvių | | | lu | Luba-Katanga | Tshiluba | | | lv | Latvian | Latviešu | | | mg | Malagasy | Malagasy | | | mh | Marshallese | Kajin Majel / Ebon | | | mi | Maori | Māori | | | mk | Macedonian | Македонски | | | ml | Malayalam | മലയാളം | | | mn | Mongolian | Монгол | | | mo | Moldovan | Moldovenească | | | mr | Marathi | मराठी | | | ms | Malay | Bahasa Melayu | | | mt | Maltese | bil-Malti | | | my | Burmese | မြန်မာစာ | | | na | Nauruan | Dorerin Naoero | | | nb | Norwegian Bokmål | Norsk bokmål | | | nd | North Ndebele | Sindebele | | | ne | Nepali | नेपाली | | | ng | Ndonga | Oshiwambo | | | nl | Dutch | Nederlands | | | nn | Norwegian Nynorsk | Norsk nynorsk | | | no | Norwegian | Norsk | | | nr | South Ndebele | isiNdebele | | | nv | Navajo | Diné bizaad | | | ny | Chichewa | Chi-Chewa | | | oc | Occitan | Occitan | | | oj | Ojibwa | ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ / Anishinaabemowin | | | om | Oromo | Oromoo | | | or | Oriya | ଓଡ଼ିଆ | | | os | Ossetian / Ossetic | Иронау | | | pa | Panjabi / Punjabi | ਪੰਜਾਬੀ / पंजाबी / پنجابي | | | pi | Pali | Pāli / पाऴि | | | pl | Polish | Polski | | | ps | Pashto | پښتو | ✓ | | pt | Portuguese | Português | | | qu | Quechua | Runa Simi | | | rm | Raeto Romance | Rumantsch | | | rn | Kirundi | Kirundi | | | ro | Romanian | Română | | | ru | Russian | Русский | | | rw | Rwandi | Kinyarwandi | | | sa | Sanskrit | संस्कृतम् | | | sc | Sardinian | Sardu | | | sd | Sindhi | सिनधि | | | se | Northern Sami | Sámegiella | | | sg | Sango | Sängö | | | sh | Serbo-Croatian | Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски | | | si | Sinhalese | සිංහල | | | sk | Slovak | Slovenčina | | | sl | Slovenian | Slovenščina | | | sm | Samoan | Gagana Samoa | | | sn | Shona | chiShona | | | so | Somalia | Soomaaliga | | | sq | Albanian | Shqip | | | sr | Serbian | Српски | | | ss | Swati | SiSwati | | | st | Southern Sotho | Sesotho | | | su | Sundanese | Basa Sunda | | | sv | Swedish | Svenska | | | sw | Swahili | Kiswahili | | | ta | Tamil | தமிழ் | | | te | Telugu | తెలుగు | | | tg | Tajik | Тоҷикӣ | | | th | Thai | ไทย / Phasa Thai | | | ti | Tigrinya | ትግርኛ | | | tk | Turkmen | Туркмен / تركمن | | | tl | Tagalog / Filipino | Tagalog | | | tn | Tswana | Setswana | | | to | Tonga | Lea Faka-Tonga | | | tr | Turkish | Türkçe | | | ts | Tsonga | Xitsonga | | | tt | Tatar | Tatarça | | | tw | Twi | Twi | | | ty | Tahitian | Reo Mā\`ohi | | | ug | Uyghur | Uyƣurqə / ئۇيغۇرچە | | | uk | Ukrainian | Українська | | | ur | Urdu | اردو | ✓ | | uz | Uzbek | Ўзбек | | | ve | Venda | Tshivenḓa | | | vi | Vietnamese | Tiếng Việt | | | vo | Volapük | Volapük | | | wo | Wolof | Wollof | | | xh | Xhosa | isiXhosa | | | yi | Yiddish | ייִדיש | ✓ | | yo | Yoruba | Yorùbá | | | zh | Chinese | 中文 | | | zu | Zulu | isiZulu | | # Security Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/security An overview of JigsawStack security features and practices. ## Data protection #### 1. Data at rest All sensitive data are encrypted at rest. Sensitive collections and tables also use row-level encryption. #### 2. Data in transit JigsawStack uses TLS 1.3 or higher everywhere data is transmitted over potentially insecure networks. #### 3. Data backup JigsawStack backs-up all production data using a point-in-time approach. Backups are persisted for 30 days, and are globally replicated for resiliency against regional disasters. ## Prevent logging API requests By default, our servers logged every request payload. Attach the header parameter `x-jigsaw-no-request-log` to control how requests payload are handled. If set to `true`, request payload will not be logged (stored). ### Javascript SDK To disable request logging in the JavaScript SDK, you can pass the `disableRequestLogging` option during initialization: ```javascript setup.ts theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", headers: { "x-jigsaw-no-request-log": "true", }, }); ``` ### Python SDK In the Python SDK, you can similarly disable request logging by passing the `disable_request_logging` argument when creating a JigsawStack instance: ```python setup.py theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack( api_key="your-api-key", headers={ "x-jigsaw-no-request-log": "true", }, ) ``` ### API When using the raw API, include the `x-jigsaw-no-request-log` header in your request to control logging behavior ```javascript theme={null} const headers = { "x-api-key": "", "x-jigsaw-no-request-log": "true", }; const baseUrl = "https://api.jigsawstack.com"; const result = await fetch(`${baseUrl}/v1/ai/summary`, { method: "POST", body: { text: "The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral", }, headers, }); ``` # CSS Selectors Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/selector Example guide to CSS selectors for Web scraping ## What are CSS Selectors CSS selectors are used to define a pattern of the elements that you want to select for applying a set of CSS rules on the selected elements. > See usage in [Scrape API](http://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/web/scrape) | Selector | Example | Use Case Scenario | | ---------------------------------- | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | \* | `*` | This selector picks all elements within a page. | | .class | `.card-title` | The simplest CSS selector is targeting the class attribute. If only your target element is using it, then it might be sufficient. | | .class1.class2 | `.card-heading.card-title` | There are elements with a class like class=“card-heading card-title”. When we see a space, it is because the element is using several classes. However, there’s no one fixed way of selecting the element. Try keeping the space, if that doesn’t work, then replace the space with a dot. | | #id | `#card-description` | What if the class is used in too many elements or if the element doesn’t have a class? Picking the ID can be the next best thing. The only problem is that IDs are unique per element. So won’t cut to scrape several elements at once. | | element | `h4` | To pick an element, all we need to add to our parser is the HTML tag name. | | element.class | `h4.card-title` | This is the most common. | | parentElement > childElement | `div > h4` | We can tell our scraper to extract an element inside another. In this example, we want it to find the h4 element whose parent element is a div. | | parentElement.class > childElement | `div.card-body > h4` | We can combine the previous logic to specify a parent element and extract a specific CSS child element. This is super useful when the data we want doesn’t have any class or ID but is inside a parent element with a unique class/ID. | | \[attribute] | `[href]` | Another great way to target an element with no clear class to choose from. Your scraper will extract all elements containing the specific attribute. | | \[attribute=value] | `[target=_blank]` | We can tell our scraper to extract only the elements with a specific value inside its attribute. | | \[attribute\~=value] | `[title~=rating]` | This selector will pick all the elements containing the word ‘rating’ inside its title attribute. | | element,element | `div, p` | Selects all `
` elements and all `

` elements. | | element+element | `div + p` | Selects the first `

` element that is placed immediately after `

` elements. | | \[attribute^=value] | `a[href^="https"]` | Selects every `` element whose href attribute value begins with "https" | | \[attribute\*=value] | `a[href*="jigsawstack"]` | Selects every `` element whose href attribute value contains the substring "jigsawstack" | | :active | `a:active` | Selects the active link | | :link | `a:link` | Selects all unvisited links | For more resources on CSS selectors, visit [W3schools](https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_selectors.php#gsc.tab=0) and [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_selectors/Selectors_and_combinators) For resources on using CSS selectors for Scraping, visit [Scrapingbee](https://www.scrapingbee.com/blog/using-css-selectors-for-web-scraping/#what-is-a-css-selector) # Screen Size Preset Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/size-preset The supported screen size presets on JigsawStack APIs. ```json theme={null} [ { name: "QVGA", width: 320, height: 240, }, { name: "VGA", width: 640, height: 480, }, { name: "SVGA", width: 800, height: 600, }, { name: "HD", width: 1280, height: 720, }, { name: "SXGA", width: 1280, height: 1024, }, { name: "HD+", width: 1600, height: 900, }, { name: "FHD", width: 1920, height: 1080, }, { name: "2K", width: 2048, height: 1080, }, { name: "2K QHD", width: 2560, height: 1440, }, { name: "5K", width: 5120, height: 2880, }, { name: "4K UHD", width: 3840, height: 2160, }, { name: "8K UHD", width: 7680, height: 4320, }, { name: "iPhone 13 Pro", width: 1170, height: 2532, }, { name: "iPhone XR", width: 828, height: 1792, }, { name: "iPhone XS", width: 1125, height: 2436, }, { name: "iPhone XS Max", width: 1242, height: 2688, }, { name: "iPhone X", width: 1125, height: 2436, }, { name: "iPhone 8 Plus", width: 1080, height: 1920, }, { name: "iPhone 8", width: 750, height: 1334, }, { name: "iPhone 7 Plus", width: 1080, height: 1920, }, { name: "iPhone 7", width: 750, height: 1334, }, { name: "iPhone 6 Plus/6S Plus", width: 1080, height: 1920, }, { name: "iPhone 6/6S", width: 750, height: 1334, }, { name: "iPhone 5", width: 640, height: 1136, }, { name: "iPod Touch", width: 640, height: 1136, }, { name: "iPad Pro", width: 2048, height: 2732, }, { name: "iPad Third & Fourth Generation", width: 1536, height: 2048, }, { name: "iPad Air 1 & 2", width: 1536, height: 2048, }, { name: "iPad Mini 2 & 3", width: 1536, height: 2048, }, { name: "iPad Mini", width: 768, height: 1024, }, { name: "Nexus 6P", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "Nexus 5X", width: 1080, height: 1920, }, { name: "Google Pixel 7 Pro", width: 1440, height: 3120, }, { name: "Google Pixel 4 XL", width: 1440, height: 869, }, { name: "Google Pixel 4", width: 1080, height: 2280, }, { name: "Google Pixel 3a XL", width: 1080, height: 2160, }, { name: "Google Pixel 3a", width: 1080, height: 2220, }, { name: "Google Pixel 3 XL", width: 1440, height: 2960, }, { name: "Google Pixel 3", width: 1080, height: 2160, }, { name: "Google Pixel 2 XL", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "Google Pixel XL", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "Google Pixel", width: 1080, height: 1920, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy Note 10+", width: 1440, height: 3040, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy Note 10", width: 1080, height: 2280, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy Note 9", width: 1440, height: 2960, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy Note 5", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "LG G5", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "One Plus 3", width: 1080, height: 1920, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy S9+", width: 1440, height: 2960, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy S9", width: 1440, height: 2960, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy S8+", width: 1440, height: 2960, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy S8", width: 1440, height: 2960, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy S7", width: 1440, height: 2560, }, { name: "Nexus 9", width: 1536, height: 2048, }, { name: "Nexus 7 (2013)", width: 1200, height: 1920, }, { name: "Pixel C", width: 1800, height: 2560, }, { name: "Samsung Galaxy Tab 10", width: 800, height: 1280, }, { name: "Chromebook Pixel", width: 2560, height: 1700, }, ]; ``` # Embedding Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/embedding POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding Generate vector embeddings from various content types including text, images, audio, and PDF files. ## Request Parameters ### Body The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. The text content to generate embeddings for. Optional if providing content through another method. The type of content being processed. Must be one of the following values: * `text`: Plain text input * `text-other`: Other text format * `image`: Image content * `audio`: Audio content * `pdf`: PDF document Determines behavior when input exceeds token limits: * `error`: Return an error (default) * `truncate`: Truncate the input to fit within token limits ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The vector embedding representation of the input content. This is an array of arrays of floating-point numbers. Array of text chunks with timestamps. Only available for text and audio content types. The text content of this chunk. Array containing start and end time positions for this chunk. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.embedding({ "text": "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway", "type": "text" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.embedding({ "text": "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway", "type": "text" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":"Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway","type":"text"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway', 'type' => 'text' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"text":"Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway","type":"text"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"text\":\"Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway\",\"type\":\"text\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "text": "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway", "type": "text" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":"Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway","type":"text"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":\"Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway\",\"type\":\"text\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/embedding"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway", type = "text" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "embeddings": [ [ -0.06269700080156326, 0.0896194726228714, -0.04227621480822563, -0.046519096940755844, -0.02535046637058258, -0.05726366862654686, 0.022328557446599007, 0.08247677236795425, -0.01738361269235611, -0.07240374386310577, -0.004616806749254465, -0.025930428877472878, -0.07008389383554459, -0.007711212150752544, -0.09261085838079453, 0.03952902555465698, 0.046824339777231216, 0.035591382533311844, 0.049785204231739044, 0.10872770845890045, 0.04273407906293869, 0.023885298520326614, 0.01059957779943943, -0.016315260902047157, -0.03888801112771034, 0.1354059875011444, 0.027029305696487427, 0.01054615993052721, -0.02821975387632847, -0.003025725483894348, -0.08235467970371246, -0.09102358669042587, -0.009630430489778519, -0.0015147705562412739, 0.07698239386081696, 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0.010820879600942135, -0.033820971846580505, 0.005700421053916216, 0.02962387539446354, -0.03992583975195885, 0.0928550511598587, -0.01607106626033783, 0.03696497902274132, -0.012644709087908268, 0.02304587885737419, 0.004754166584461927, -0.009508333168923855, 0.035896625369787216, 0.03989531472325325, -0.03815542906522751, 0.014880617149174213, -0.011004025116562843, 0.011004025116562843, -0.014537218026816845, 0.010462218895554543, -0.009554118849337101, 0.03247790038585663, -0.023763200268149376, -0.0077264741994440556, 0.04142153263092041, 0.03901011124253273, -0.007905804552137852, 0.010156975127756596, -0.019413482397794724, -0.015689512714743614, -0.012850748375058174, -0.0328136682510376, -0.0009166841628029943, -0.03189793974161148, -0.040933143347501755, 0.09462546557188034, -0.012827854603528976, -0.015285064466297626, -0.0006882285233587027, 0.015674250200390816, 0.03943745046854019, -0.00478469068184495, -0.061598122119903564, 0.016116853803396225, -0.0038403437938541174, 0.021290728822350502, 0.07154905796051025, -0.026479866355657578, 0.003727785311639309, 0.030951684340834618, -0.05265448987483978, 0.03342415392398834, 0.011225326918065548, 0.03791123256087303, 0.04270355403423309, 0.05005992203950882, -0.04404662549495697, -0.017978837713599205, -0.000742600008379668, -0.056347936391830444 ] ], "chunks": [ "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 32, "output_tokens": 1226, "inference_time_tokens": 1007, "total_tokens": 2265 } } ``` # Embedding v2 Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/embedding-v2 POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding v2 Generate vector embeddings from various content types including text, images, audio, and PDF files with speaker fingerprint support. ## Request Parameters ### Body The text content to generate embeddings for. Optional if providing content through another method. The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. The type of content being processed. Must be one of the following values: * `text`: Plain text input * `text-other`: Other text format * `image`: Image content * `audio`: Audio content * `pdf`: PDF document The dimensionality of the output embedding vectors. Higher dimensions can capture more nuanced semantic information but require more storage. * Minimum: `32` * Maximum: `4096` * Default: `4096` Custom instruction for query embedding generation to improve retrieval quality. Works with type `text` only. Maximum 400 characters. * Use this to provide domain-specific context or retrieval objectives * Default: `Given a query, retrieve relevant passages that answer the query` Generate embedding for text in query mode by setting `query` to true. * If `query` is `true`, you may pass your custom `instruction` along with `text` to be embedded as a query string. Determines behavior when input exceeds token limits: * `error`: Return an error (default) * `truncate`: Truncate the input to fit within token limits Whether to include speaker's audio embedding. Speaker fingerprint is only available for audio content type. ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The vector embedding representation of the input content. This is an array of arrays of floating-point numbers. Array of text chunks with timestamps. Only available for text and audio content types. The text content of this chunk. Array containing start and end time positions for this chunk. The speaker's audio embedding. Only available for audio content type and when `speaker_fingerprint` is true. This is an array of arrays of floating-point numbers. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.embedding_v2({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", "type": "audio", "speaker_fingerprint": true }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.embedding_v2({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", "type": "audio", "speaker_fingerprint": True }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav","type":"audio","speaker_fingerprint":true}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav', 'type' => 'audio', 'speaker_fingerprint' => true }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav","type":"audio","speaker_fingerprint":true}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav\",\"type\":\"audio\",\"speaker_fingerprint\":true}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", "type": "audio", "speaker_fingerprint": true ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav","type":"audio","speaker_fingerprint":true}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav\",\"type\":\"audio\",\"speaker_fingerprint\":true}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v2/embedding"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", type = "audio", speaker_fingerprint = true }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} { "success": true, "embeddings": [ [ 0.01994265988469124, -0.00740474509075284, 0.008083267137408257, 0.004395645577460527, -0.003628619946539402, -0.020178668200969696, -0.021358706057071686, -0.01770058646798134, 0.01970665156841278, 0.0053396765142679214, -0.013216436840593815, 0.016992561519145966, 0.01044334564357996, -0.025960858911275864, 0.0032893589232116938, 0.03964931145310402, 0.023364773020148277, 0.016874557361006737, -0.002315826714038849, 0.05970997363328934, 0.02619686722755432, 0.05192171782255173, 0.008555282838642597, -0.021712718531489372, -0.015104499645531178, -0.007965263910591602, -0.038941286504268646, -0.007729255594313145, -0.02513483166694641, 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-0.006282176822423935, 0.030090318992733955 ] ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 26, "output_tokens": 13239, "inference_time_tokens": 3253, "total_tokens": 16518 } } ``` # Image Generation Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/image-generation POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation Generate an image based on the given text by employing AI models like Flux, Stable Diffusion, and other top models.

The image generation API is depracated and no longer being maintained.

## Request Parameters ### Body The text prompt to generate the image from. Must be between 1-5000 characters. The aspect ratio of the generated image.
  • `1:1`
  • `16:9`
  • `21:9`
  • `3:2`
  • `2:3`
  • `4:5`
  • `5:4`
  • `3:4`
  • `4:3`
  • `9:16`
  • `9:21`
The width of the image. Must be between 256-1920 pixels. The height of the image. Must be between 256-1920 pixels. The number of denoising steps. Must be between 1-90. Higher values produce better quality images but take more time to generate. The output format of the generated image. Must be one of the following values: * `png` * `svg` The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. Passing in files is used for image edits Text describing what you don't want in the image. Higher guidance forces the model to better follow the prompt, but may result in lower quality output. Must be between 1-28. Makes generation deterministic. Using the same seed and set of parameters will produce identical image each time. The specified return type for the response
  • `url`
  • `base64`
  • `binary`
## Response The API returns the generated image directly in the response body as binary data. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.image_generation({ "prompt": "A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.image_generation({ "prompt": "A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"prompt":"A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean","return_type":"url"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean', 'return_type' => 'url' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"prompt":"A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean","return_type":"url"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"prompt\":\"A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean\",\"return_type\":\"url\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "prompt": "A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean", "return_type": "url" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"prompt":"A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean","return_type":"url"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"prompt\":\"A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean\",\"return_type\":\"url\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/image_generation"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { prompt = "A beautiful sunset over a calm ocean", return_type = "url" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "url": "https://jigsawstack-temp.b1e91a466694ad4af04df5d05ca12d93.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/temp/f78349bc-0d35-4461-9a71-496527fcd49f.png?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=7b9a19349842b7b1a9e4c2e19f05b232%2F20250916%2Fauto%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250916T185133Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Signature=c995f70db449843f4042bdac278acbbd349a64635e777afb78d7b41a01f7c5f0&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 18, "output_tokens": 77, "inference_time_tokens": 2030, "total_tokens": 2125 } } ``` # Object Detection Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/object-detection POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection Recognise objects within an image with great accuracy. ### Body The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. Array of prompts for targeted object detection. Each prompt must be between 1-150 characters. Optional and nullable. Array of features to enable. Available options: `object_detection`, `gui`. Must contain at least one feature. Whether to return an annotated image with detected objects highlighted. Format for returning images. Available options: `url`, `base64`. Binary segmentation masks for detected objects. Either `file_store_key` or `url` can be provided not both. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The annotated image with detected objects highlighted. Only included if `annotated_image=true` and objects/gui\_elements exist. Format depends on `return_type` parameter (URL or base64). Array of detected GUI elements. Only included if `features` includes "gui". Bounding box coordinates. Top-left corner coordinates. X-coordinate. Y-coordinate. Top-right corner coordinates (same structure as top\_left). Bottom-left corner coordinates (same structure as top\_left). Bottom-right corner coordinates (same structure as top\_left). Width of the bounding box. Height of the bounding box. Content of the GUI element. Can be null if no content is detected. Array of detected objects. Only included if `features` includes "object\_detection". Bounding box coordinates for the detected object (same structure as GUI element bounds). Label describing the detected object. Object mask image. Format depends on `return_type` parameter (URL or base64). Only present for some objects. Array of automatically generated tags describing the detected objects and content. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.vision.object_detection({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg", "features": [ "object_detection" ], "annotated_image": true, "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.vision.object_detection({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg", "features": [ "object_detection" ], "annotated_image": True, "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg","features":["object_detection"],"annotated_image":true,"return_type":"url"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg', 'features' => [ 'object_detection' ], 'annotated_image' => true, 'return_type' => 'url' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg","features":["object_detection"],"annotated_image":true,"return_type":"url"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg\",\"features\":[\"object_detection\"],\"annotated_image\":true,\"return_type\":\"url\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg", "features": [ "object_detection" ], "annotated_image": true, "return_type": "url" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg","features":["object_detection"],"annotated_image":true,"return_type":"url"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg\",\"features\":[\"object_detection\"],\"annotated_image\":true,\"return_type\":\"url\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/object_detection"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg", features = new List { "object_detection" }, annotated_image = true, return_type = "url" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "annotated_image": "https://jigsawstack-temp.b1e91a466694ad4af04df5d05ca12d93.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/temp/2633695d-7541-40bb-9f07-a77c992bd568.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=7b9a19349842b7b1a9e4c2e19f05b232%2F20250916%2Fauto%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250916T185227Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Signature=f2781a31a47e6c6154f07b99204ab4995da3dd0435f7b542567c8ba39adc60e5&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject", "objects": [ { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 132, "y": 54 }, "top_right": { "x": 1389, "y": 54 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 132, "y": 802 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1389, "y": 802 }, "width": 1257, "height": 748 }, "label": "TV" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 435, "y": 674 }, "top_right": { "x": 694, "y": 674 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 435, "y": 1021 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 694, "y": 1021 }, "width": 259, "height": 347 }, "label": "Hands_0" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 0, "y": 627 }, "top_right": { "x": 390, "y": 627 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 0, "y": 994 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 390, "y": 994 }, "width": 390, "height": 367 }, "label": "Hands_1" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 108, "y": 667 }, "top_right": { "x": 592, "y": 667 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 108, "y": 919 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 592, "y": 919 }, "width": 484, "height": 252 }, "label": "Controller" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 109, "y": 669 }, "top_right": { "x": 599, "y": 669 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 109, "y": 921 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 599, "y": 921 }, "width": 490, "height": 252 }, "label": "Wii" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 0, "y": 781 }, "top_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 781 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 0, "y": 839 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 839 }, "width": 1440, "height": 58 }, "label": "Wires_0" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 0, "y": 880 }, "top_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 880 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 0, "y": 1033 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 1033 }, "width": 1440, "height": 153 }, "label": "Wires_1" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 0, "y": 93 }, "top_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 93 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 0, "y": 777 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 777 }, "width": 1440, "height": 684 }, "label": "Minecraft" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 0, "y": 134 }, "top_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 134 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 0, "y": 708 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1440, "y": 708 }, "width": 1440, "height": 574 }, "label": "Castle" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1155, "y": 390 }, "top_right": { "x": 1302, "y": 390 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1155, "y": 482 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1302, "y": 482 }, "width": 147, "height": 92 }, "label": "Trees" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 407, "y": 407 }, "top_right": { "x": 506, "y": 407 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 407, "y": 455 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 506, "y": 455 }, "width": 99, "height": 48 }, "label": "Water" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1051, "y": 564 }, "top_right": { "x": 1161, "y": 564 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1051, "y": 609 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1161, "y": 609 }, "width": 110, "height": 45 }, "label": "Grass_0" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1206, "y": 611 }, "top_right": { "x": 1305, "y": 611 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1206, "y": 645 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1305, "y": 645 }, "width": 99, "height": 34 }, "label": "Grass_1" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1056, "y": 515 }, "top_right": { "x": 1119, "y": 515 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1056, "y": 545 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1119, "y": 545 }, "width": 63, "height": 30 }, "label": "Grass_2" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1111, "y": 571 }, "top_right": { "x": 1164, "y": 571 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1111, "y": 606 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1164, "y": 606 }, "width": 53, "height": 35 }, "label": "Grass_3" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 583 }, "top_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 583 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 608 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 608 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_4" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_5" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_6" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_7" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_8" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1112, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1157, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_9" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1115, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1153, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1115, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1153, "y": 605 }, "width": 38, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_10" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1092, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1137, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1092, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1137, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_11" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 606 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 606 }, "width": 45, "height": 26 }, "label": "Grass_12" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1050, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1095, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1050, "y": 606 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1095, "y": 606 }, "width": 45, "height": 26 }, "label": "Grass_13" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 606 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 606 }, "width": 44, "height": 26 }, "label": "Grass_14" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 606 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 606 }, "width": 44, "height": 26 }, "label": "Grass_15" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_16" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_17" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_18" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_19" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_20" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_21" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1045, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1089, "y": 605 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_22" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1050, "y": 580 }, "top_right": { "x": 1095, "y": 580 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1050, "y": 605 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1095, "y": 605 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_23" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 584 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 584 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 609 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 609 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_24" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 610 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_25" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 610 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_26" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 610 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_27" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 610 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_28" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1064, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1109, "y": 610 }, "width": 45, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_29" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 610 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_30" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 610 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_31" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 610 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_32" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 610 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_33" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 585 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 585 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 610 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 610 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_34" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 586 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 586 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 611 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 611 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_35" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 586 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 586 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 611 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 611 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_36" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 589 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 589 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 614 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 614 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_37" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_38" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 594 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 594 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 25 }, "label": "Grass_39" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_40" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_41" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_42" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_43" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1066, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1110, "y": 619 }, "width": 44, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_44" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 619 }, "width": 38, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_45" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 619 }, "width": 38, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_46" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 619 }, "width": 38, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_47" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 619 }, "width": 38, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_48" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 595 }, "top_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 595 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 1069, "y": 619 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 1107, "y": 619 }, "width": 38, "height": 24 }, "label": "Grass_49" }, { "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 187, "y": 126 }, "top_right": { "x": 228, "y": 126 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 187, "y": 197 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 228, "y": 197 }, "width": 41, "height": 71 }, "label": "Character" } ], "tags": [ "TV", "Hands", "Controller", "Table", "Console", "Wii", "Wires", "Wall", "Minecraft", "Sky", "Castle", "Trees", "Water", "Grass", "Character" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 39, "output_tokens": 2990, "inference_time_tokens": 57445, "total_tokens": 60474 } } ``` # Prediction Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/prediction POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction Forecast a wide range of time series data in seconds with one simple API and no data training. ## Request Parameters ### Body The dataset to make predictions on. This is an array of objects with keys `date` and `value`. See example below for more information. The `date` parameter must be in `YYYY-MM-DD` format (e.g., "2023-01-01"). * Minimum: 5 data points * Maximum: 1000 data points Note: The larger the dataset provided, the more accurate the predictions become. For best results, provide at least 20-30 data points with consistent intervals. The numeric value for the data point. The date for the data point in `YYYY-MM-DD` format (e.g., "2023-01-01"). The number of predictions to make. - Minimum: 1 - Maximum: 500 ### Sample Dataset > A dataset must be an array of object containing keys `date` and `value`. ```javascript theme={null} type Dataset = { date: string, value: number | string, }; const dataset: Array = [ { date: "2023-01-01", value: 353459 }, { date: "2023-01-02", value: 313734 }, { date: "2023-01-03", value: 333774 }, { date: "2023-01-04", value: 348636 }, { date: "2023-01-05", value: 278903 }, ]; ``` ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Array of predicted data points with the same structure as the input dataset. The date for the predicted data point in `YYYY-MM-DD` format. The predicted numeric value for this data point. The number of prediction steps. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prediction({ "dataset": [ { "date": "2023-01-01", "value": 353459 }, { "date": "2023-01-02", "value": 313734 }, { "date": "2023-01-03", "value": 333774 }, { "date": "2023-01-04", "value": 348636 }, { "date": "2023-01-05", "value": 278903 } ], "steps": 3 }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prediction({ "dataset": [ { "date": "2023-01-01", "value": 353459 }, { "date": "2023-01-02", "value": 313734 }, { "date": "2023-01-03", "value": 333774 }, { "date": "2023-01-04", "value": 348636 }, { "date": "2023-01-05", "value": 278903 } ], "steps": 3 }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"dataset":[{"date":"2023-01-01","value":353459},{"date":"2023-01-02","value":313734},{"date":"2023-01-03","value":333774},{"date":"2023-01-04","value":348636},{"date":"2023-01-05","value":278903}],"steps":3}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} [ { 'date' => '2023-01-01', 'value' => 353459 }, { 'date' => '2023-01-02', 'value' => 313734 }, { 'date' => '2023-01-03', 'value' => 333774 }, { 'date' => '2023-01-04', 'value' => 348636 }, { 'date' => '2023-01-05', 'value' => 278903 } ], 'steps' => 3 }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"dataset":[{"date":"2023-01-01","value":353459},{"date":"2023-01-02","value":313734},{"date":"2023-01-03","value":333774},{"date":"2023-01-04","value":348636},{"date":"2023-01-05","value":278903}],"steps":3}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"dataset\":[{\"date\":\"2023-01-01\",\"value\":353459},{\"date\":\"2023-01-02\",\"value\":313734},{\"date\":\"2023-01-03\",\"value\":333774},{\"date\":\"2023-01-04\",\"value\":348636},{\"date\":\"2023-01-05\",\"value\":278903}],\"steps\":3}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "dataset": [ [ "date": "2023-01-01", "value": 353459 ], [ "date": "2023-01-02", "value": 313734 ], [ "date": "2023-01-03", "value": 333774 ], [ "date": "2023-01-04", "value": 348636 ], [ "date": "2023-01-05", "value": 278903 ] ], "steps": 3 ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"dataset":[{"date":"2023-01-01","value":353459},{"date":"2023-01-02","value":313734},{"date":"2023-01-03","value":333774},{"date":"2023-01-04","value":348636},{"date":"2023-01-05","value":278903}],"steps":3}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"dataset\":[{\"date\":\"2023-01-01\",\"value\":353459},{\"date\":\"2023-01-02\",\"value\":313734},{\"date\":\"2023-01-03\",\"value\":333774},{\"date\":\"2023-01-04\",\"value\":348636},{\"date\":\"2023-01-05\",\"value\":278903}],\"steps\":3}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/prediction"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { dataset = new List { {"date":"2023-01-01","value":353459}, {"date":"2023-01-02","value":313734}, {"date":"2023-01-03","value":333774}, {"date":"2023-01-04","value":348636}, {"date":"2023-01-05","value":278903} }, steps = 3 }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "prediction": [ { "date": "2023-01-08 00:00:00", "value": 315214.5625 }, { "date": "2023-01-07 00:00:00", "value": 320094.71875 }, { "date": "2023-01-06 00:00:00", "value": 316329.9375 } ], "steps": 3, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 53, "output_tokens": 49, "inference_time_tokens": 1992, "total_tokens": 2094 } } ``` # AI Scraper Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/scrape POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape Scrape any website instantly and get consistent structured data in seconds without writing any css selector code ## Request Parameters ### Body URL of the page to scrape. Either `url` or `html` is required, but not both. HTML content to scrape. Either `url` or `html` is required, but not both. Items on the page to scrape (maximum 5). Can be an array of strings (e.g. `["Plan price", "Plan title"]`) or an object with key-value pairs (e.g. `{"price": "Plan price", "title": "Plan title"}`). CSS elements on the page to scrape. E.g. "h2.title", "div.price" CSS selector to limit the scope of scraping to a specific element and its children For pagination, the current page number (minimum: 1) Features to extract from the page. Available options:
  • `meta` - Extract page metadata (title, description, keywords, og\_image)
  • `link` - Extract links detected on the page
Advanced configurations Tracks console messages emitted when JavaScript within the page calls console API methods Tracks network response information such as URL, method, status, headers, and body Tracks cookie information Custom HTTP headers to send with requests (key-value pairs) Array of patterns to intercept and block requests (e.g., \["jpg", "png"]) Custom page-load behavior settings Custom timeout in milliseconds (maximum: 120000, or 2 minutes) Page load event to wait for:
  • `load` - Wait until the load event is fired
  • `domcontentloaded` - Wait until the DOMContentLoaded event is fired
  • `networkidle0` - Wait until there are no network connections for at least 500ms
  • `networkidle2` - Wait until there are no more than 2 network connections for at least 500ms
Wait condition before scraping Type of waiting condition:
  • `timeout` - Wait for a specified time
  • `selector` - Wait for a specified CSS selector to appear
  • `function` - Wait for a specified function to return true
The value corresponding to the selected mode:
  • For `timeout`: Number of milliseconds to wait (maximum: 60000)
  • For `selector`: CSS selector to wait for (e.g., "h2.title")
  • For `function`: JavaScript function as a string (e.g., "() => document.querySelector('h2')")
Cookies to set for the page request Only the following cookies are allowed: `ADSHUFFLER`, `AWSALB`, `AWSALBCORS`, `AWSALBTG`, `AWSALBTGCORS`, `CF_CLEARANCE`, `CONSENT`, `CUSTOMER_CONTEXT`, `LANG`, `REF`, `REMOVAL`, `VISITS`, `VISIT_COUNT` Cookie value Cookie domain (either `url` or `domain` is required) The URL to associate with the cookie (either `url` or `domain` is required) Whether the cookie is secure (HTTPS only) Whether the cookie is HTTP-only Whether the cookie is same-party Cookie expiration timestamp Cookie priority: "Low", "High", or "Medium" Predefined screen size preset to use instead of specifying width and height manually. Supported values include:
  • `QVGA` - 320×240
  • `VGA` - 640×480
  • `SVGA` - 800×600
  • `HD` - 1280×720
  • `HD+` - 1600×900
  • `SXGA` - 1280×1024
  • `FHD` - 1920×1080
  • `2K` - 2048×1080
  • `2K QHD` - 2560×1440
  • `5K` - 5120×2880
  • `4K UHD` - 3840×2160
See the full list of screen size presets [here](/docs/additional-resources/size-preset)
Whether to emulate a mobile device viewport Device scale factor (minimum: 1) Viewport width in pixels Viewport height in pixels Whether to force proxy rotation for each request (incurs additional costs) Bring-your-own-proxy configuration Proxy server URL (e.g., "[https://username:password@proxy.example.com:8080](https://username:password@proxy.example.com:8080)") Authentication credentials (optional if included in server URL) Proxy username Proxy password ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Detailed scrape data from the page The element prompt this data relates to The CSS selector used to find this element Array of matched elements with their details The HTML content of the matched element The text content of the matched element Array of HTML attributes on the matched element The attribute name The attribute value The current page position when paginating through results The total number of pages available A map of element prompt keys to arrays of extracted text content from matched elements A map of element prompt keys to arrays of CSS selectors that were used to find matching elements Links detected on the page The URL of the link The text description of the link The type of link * "a" for anchor links * "img" for image links Captured browser data if enabled in advance\_config Console logs captured during scraping Network requests captured during scraping The URL of the network request The HTTP method used The HTTP status code The request/response headers The request/response body The type of network event * "request" for outgoing requests * "response" for incoming responses Cookies captured during scraping Metadata about the page, such as title, description, keywords, and Open Graph image The page title The page description The page keywords The Open Graph image URL ```javascript Javascript theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.ai_scrape({ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/news", "element_prompts": [ "titles", "points" ] }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.web.ai_scrape({ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/news", "element_prompts": [ "titles", "points" ] }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/news","element_prompts":["titles","points"]}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} 'https://news.ycombinator.com/news', 'element_prompts' => [ 'titles', 'points' ] }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/news","element_prompts":["titles","points"]}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://news.ycombinator.com/news\",\"element_prompts\":[\"titles\",\"points\"]}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/news", "element_prompts": [ "titles", "points" ] ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/news","element_prompts":["titles","points"]}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://news.ycombinator.com/news\",\"element_prompts\":[\"titles\",\"points\"]}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/scrape"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://news.ycombinator.com/news", element_prompts = new List { "titles", "points" } }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} { "success": true, "page_position": 1, "page_position_length": 1, "context": { "titles": [ "Waymo has received our pilot permit allowing for commercial operations at SFO (waymo.com)", "Things you can do with a Software Defined Radio (2024) (blinry.org)", "Adios Chicos, 25 Years of KDE (jriddell.org)", "Live Updates: Shai-Hulud, the Most Dangerous NPM Breach in History (koi.security)", "Plugin System (iina.io)", "Launch HN: Rowboat (YC S24) – Open-source IDE for multi-agent systems (github.com/rowboatlabs)", "A new experimental Google app for Windows (blog.google)", "UTF-8 history (2003) (cat-v.org)", "CIA Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room (cia.gov)", "Bertrand Russell to Oswald Mosley (1962) (lettersofnote.com)", "I built my own phone because innovation is sad rn [video] (youtube.com)", "Self Propagating NPM Malware (stepsecurity.io)", "Show HN: AI Code Detector – detect AI-generated code with 95% accuracy (code-detector.ai)", "How Container Filesystem Works: Building a Docker-Like Container from Scratch (iximiuz.com)", "Implicit ODE Solvers Are Not Universally More Robust Than Explicit ODE Solvers (stochasticlifestyle.com)", "Development of the MOS Technology 6502: A Historical Perspective (2022) (embeddedrelated.com)", "Paper Folding Assembly Line [video] (youtube.com)", "Scammed out of $130K via fake Google call, spoofed Google email and auth sync (bewildered.substack.com)", "The Linux Process Journey [pdf] (thelearningjourneyebooks.com)", "Generative AI as Seniority-Biased Technological Change (ssrn.com)", "Writing an operating system kernel from scratch – RISC-V/OpenSBI/Zig (popovicu.com)", "Microsoft Favors Anthropic over OpenAI for Visual Studio Code (theverge.com)", "60 years after Gemini, newly processed images reveal details (arstechnica.com)", "Will I run Boston 2026? (getfast.ai)", "Teen safety, freedom, and privacy (openai.com)", "Java 25 officially released (openjdk.org)", "Migrating to React Native's new architecture (shopify.engineering)", "Robert Redford has died (nytimes.com)", "Scientists uncover extreme life inside the Arctic ice (stanford.edu)", "\"Your\" vs. \"My\" in user interfaces (adamsilver.io)" ], "points": [ "316 points", "378 points", "40 points", "18 points", "88 points", "29 points", "61 points", "63 points", "122 points", "103 points", "491 points", "19 points", "8 points", "67 points", "32 points", "12 points", "65 points", "7 points", "180 points", "135 points", "218 points", "24 points", "188 points", "99 points", "404 points", "64 points", "423 points", "408 points", "64 points", "428 points" ] }, "selectors": { "titles": [ "tr.athing.submission td.title span.titleline a", "tr.athing.submission td.title span.titleline", "tr.athing.submission > td.title + td.title span.titleline > a", "#bigbox table tr.athing.submission td.title span.titleline a", "table#hnmain tr.athing.submission td.title span.titleline a" ], "points": [ "tr + tr td.subtext span.score", "tr td.subtext span.subline > span.score", "tr.athing.submission + tr td.subtext span.score", "table#hnmain td.subtext span.score", "#bigbox td.subtext span.score" ] }, "meta": {}, "link": [ { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com", "text": "", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/news", "text": "Hacker News", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/newest", "text": "new", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/front", "text": "past", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/newcomments", "text": "comments", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/ask", "text": "ask", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/show", "text": "show", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/jobs", "text": "jobs", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/submit", "text": "submit", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/login?goto=news", "text": "login", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/vote?id=45264562&how=up&goto=news", "text": "", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://waymo.com/blog/#short-all-systems-go-at-sfo-waymo-has-received-our-pilot-permit", "text": "Waymo has received our pilot permit allowing for commercial operations at SFO", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=waymo.com", "text": "waymo.com", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=ChrisArchitect", "text": "ChrisArchitect", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45264562", "text": "2 hours ago", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/hide?id=45264562&goto=news", "text": "hide", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45264562", "text": "202 comments", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/vote?id=45262835&how=up&goto=news", "text": "", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://blinry.org/50-things-with-sdr/", "text": "Things you can do with a Software Defined Radio (2024)", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=blinry.org", "text": "blinry.org", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=mihau", "text": "mihau", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45262835", "text": "4 hours ago", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/hide?id=45262835&goto=news", "text": "hide", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45262835", "text": "75 comments", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/vote?id=45265881&how=up&goto=news", "text": "", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://jriddell.org/2025/09/14/adios-chicos-25-years-of-kde/", "text": "Adios Chicos, 25 Years of KDE", "type": "a" }, { "href": 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}, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/hide?id=45230515&goto=news", "text": "hide", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45230515", "text": "17 comments", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/vote?id=45261764&how=up&goto=news", "text": "", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://www.cia.gov/readingroom", "text": "CIA Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/from?site=cia.gov", "text": "cia.gov", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=bookofjoe", "text": "bookofjoe", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45261764", "text": "5 hours ago", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/hide?id=45261764&goto=news", "text": "hide", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45261764", "text": "23 comments", "type": "a" }, { "href": "https://news.ycombinator.com/vote?id=45264340&how=up&goto=news", "text": "", 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Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Contains the sentiment analysis results. The overall emotional tone of the text. The overall sentiment classification, typically "positive", "negative", or "neutral". Numerical score representing the sentiment intensity, typically on a scale from 0 to 1, where higher values indicate more positive sentiment. Detailed sentiment analysis broken down by individual sentences. The sentence text. The emotional tone detected in this specific sentence. The sentiment classification for this specific sentence. Numerical sentiment score for this specific sentence. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.sentiment({ "text": "I love this product! It's amazing but the delivery was a bit late." }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.sentiment({ "text": "I love this product! It's amazing but the delivery was a bit late." }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sentiment \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":"I love this product! It\'s amazing but the delivery was a bit late."}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sentiment")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = "{\"text\":\"I love this product! It\\s".data(using: .utf8) let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":"I love this product! It\\s'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sentiment'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":\"I love this product! It\\s" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sentiment") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sentiment"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = "I love this product! It's amazing but the delivery was a bit late." }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "sentiment": { "emotion": "love", "sentiment": "positive", "score": 0.85, "sentences": [ { "text": "I love this product!", "emotion": "love", "sentiment": "positive", "score": 0.9 }, { "text": "It's amazing but the delivery was a bit late.", "emotion": "satisfaction", "sentiment": "positive", "score": 0.8 } ] }, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 20, "output_tokens": 75, "inference_time_tokens": 2594, "total_tokens": 2689 } } ``` # Speech to Text Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/speech-to-text POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe Transcribe video and audio files with ease leveraging Whisper large V3 AI model. ## Supported Formats and Limitations * **Supported formats:** MP3, WAV, M4A, FLAC, AAC, OGG, WEBM * **Maximum file size:** 100MB * **Maximum audio duration:** 4 hours ## Request Parameters ### Body The video/audio url. Not required if `file_store_key` is specified. The key used to store the video/audio file on Jigsawstack File [Storage](/docs/api-reference/store/file/add). Not required if `url` is specified. Either `url` or `file_store_key` should be provided, not both. The language to transcribe or translate the file into. Use "auto" for automatic language detection, or specify a language code. If not specified, defaults to automatic detection. All supported language codes can be found [here](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). When set to true, translates the content into English (or the specified language if `language` parameter is provided). All supported language codes can be found [here](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). Identifies and separates different speakers in the audio file. When enabled, the response will include a `speakers` array with speaker-segmented transcripts. Webhook URL to send result to. When provided, the API will process asynchronously and send results to this URL when completed. The batch size to return. Maximum value is 40. This controls how the audio is chunked for processing. The duration of each chunk in seconds. Maximum value is 15. This controls the duration of each chunk of audio that is processed. ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The complete transcribed text from the audio/video file. An array of transcript chunks with timestamps. Array containing start and end time in seconds for the chunk. The transcribed text for this time segment. Only present when `by_speaker` is set to true. Contains speaker-segmented transcripts. The speaker identifier (e.g., "Speaker 1"). Array containing start and end time in seconds for this segment. The transcribed text spoken by this speaker. The language detected in the audio/video file. Available if `language` parameter is not provided or set to "auto". The confidence score for the language detected. Available if `language` parameter is not provided or set to "auto". ### Webhook Response When using `webhook_url`, the initial response will be different. Status of the transcription job.
  • `processing` - The transcription job is queued successfully
  • `error` - There was an issue with the transcription job
A unique identifier for the transcription job. The complete transcription result will later be sent to your webhook URL with the same structure as the direct response. ## Advanced Features ### Speaker Diarization Speaker diarization is the process of separating an audio stream into segments according to the identity of each speaker. When you enable the `by_speaker` parameter, the API will: 1. Transcribe the audio as usual 2. Identify distinct speakers in the recording 3. Label each segment with a speaker identifier (e.g., "SPEAKER\_1", "SPEAKER\_2") 4. Return both the standard chunks and a separate `speakers` array with speaker-separated transcriptions This is particularly useful for: * Meeting transcriptions * Interview transcriptions * Podcast transcriptions * Any multi-speaker audio content ### Webhook Usage For long audio files, processing might take some time. Instead of keeping the connection open and waiting for the result, you can provide a `webhook_url` parameter. The API will: 1. Return immediately with a job ID 2. Process the audio asynchronously 3. Send the complete transcription results to your webhook URL when finished Make sure your webhook endpoint is set up to: * Accept POST requests * Parse JSON content * Handle the same response format as the standard API response ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "text": " The little tales they tell are false The door was barred, locked and bolted as well Ripe pears are fit for a queen's table A big wet stain was on the round carpet The kite dipped and swayed but stayed aloft The pleasant hours fly by much too soon The room was crowded with a mild wob The room was crowded with a wild mob This strong arm shall shield your honour She blushed when he gave her a white orchid The beetle droned in the hot June sun", "chunks": [ { "timestamp": [ 0, 2.39 ], "text": " The little tales" }, { "timestamp": [ 2.39, 4.78 ], "text": "they tell are false" }, { "timestamp": [ 4.78, 7.130000000000001 ], "text": " The door was barred," }, { "timestamp": [ 7.130000000000001, 9.48 ], "text": "locked and bolted as well" }, { "timestamp": [ 9.48, 11.27 ], "text": " Ripe pears are fit" }, { "timestamp": [ 11.27, 13.06 ], "text": "for a queen's table" }, { "timestamp": [ 13.06, 15.149999999999999 ], "text": " A big wet stain" }, { "timestamp": [ 15.149999999999999, 17.24 ], "text": "was on the round carpet" }, { "timestamp": [ 17.24, 19.509999999999998 ], "text": " The kite dipped and" }, { "timestamp": [ 19.509999999999998, 21.78 ], "text": "swayed but stayed aloft" }, { "timestamp": [ 21.78, 24.04 ], "text": " The pleasant hours fly" }, { "timestamp": [ 24.04, 26.3 ], "text": "by much too soon" }, { "timestamp": [ 26.3, 28.53 ], "text": " The room was crowded" }, { "timestamp": [ 28.53, 30.76 ], "text": "with a mild wob" }, { "timestamp": [ 30.76, 32.92 ], "text": " The room was crowded" }, { "timestamp": [ 32.92, 35.08 ], "text": "with a wild mob" }, { "timestamp": [ 35.08, 37.16 ], "text": " This strong arm" }, { "timestamp": [ 37.16, 39.24 ], "text": "shall shield your honour" }, { "timestamp": [ 39.24, 41.59 ], "text": " She blushed when he" }, { "timestamp": [ 41.59, 43.94 ], "text": "gave her a white orchid" }, { "timestamp": [ 43.94, 46.22 ], "text": " The beetle droned in" }, { "timestamp": [ 46.22, 48.5 ], "text": "the hot June sun" } ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 15, "output_tokens": 227, "inference_time_tokens": 526, "total_tokens": 768 } } ``` # Summary Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/summary POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/summary Generate concise, intelligent summaries of text or documents with AI ## Request Parameters ### Body The text content to summarize. Maximum 300,000 characters. Not required if `url` or `file_store_key` is specified. URL of a PDF document to summarize. Not required if `text` or `file_store_key` is provided. The key of a stored PDF document to summarize from Jigsawstack File [Storage](/docs/api-reference/store/file/add). Not required if `text` or `url` is provided. The format of the summary: - `text`: Returns a continuous paragraph summary - `points`: Returns bullet points as an array of strings The maximum number of bullet points to generate when `type` is set to `points`. Maximum value is 100. The maximum number of characters in the generated summary. ## Response Structure The response structure varies based on the `type` parameter: Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request ### When `type` is "text" (default) The generated summary as a continuous paragraph. ### When `type` is "points" An array of strings, where each string represents a bullet point in the summary. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.summary({ "text": "The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square, after the Cathedral and the Baptistry. The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.", "type": "points", "max_points": 3 }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.summary({ "text": "The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square, after the Cathedral and the Baptistry. The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.", "type": "points", "max_points": 3 }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/summary \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":"The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city\'s Cathedral Square, after the Cathedral and the Baptistry. The tower\'s tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure\'s weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres \(183.27 feet\) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres \(185.93 feet\) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m \(8 ft 0.06 in\). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 296 or 294 steps\; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.","type":"points","max_points":3}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/summary")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = "{\"text\":\"The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city\\s".data(using: .utf8) let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":"The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city\\s'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/summary'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":\"The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city\\s" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/summary") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/summary"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = "The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city's Cathedral Square, after the Cathedral and the Baptistry. The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight. The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century. It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183.27 feet) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres (185.93 feet) on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0.06 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.", type = "points", max_points = 3 }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "summary": [ "The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the freestanding bell tower of Pisa Cathedral, located behind the Cathedral.", "The tower's tilt started in the 12th century due to a weak foundation on soft ground.", "The tower is approximately 55-57 meters tall and weighs an estimated 14,500 tonnes, with about 294-296 steps." ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 256, "output_tokens": 84, "inference_time_tokens": 1497, "total_tokens": 1837 } } ``` # Text to SQL Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/text-to-sql POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sql Convert natural language to SQL queries for various database types. ## Request Parameters ### Body The natural language prompt that will be translated to an SQL query. Minimum length: 10 characters The database schema where the query will be run. Not required if `file_store_key` is specified. The database type to generate SQL for. Specifying this parameter improves SQL generation accuracy by applying database-specific syntax and optimizations.
  • `postgresql` - PostgreSQL database
  • `mysql` - MySQL database
  • `sqlite` - SQLite database
The key used to store the database schema on Jigsawstack file [Storage](/docs/api-reference/store/file/add). Not required if `sql_schema` is specified. Either `file_store_key` or `sql_schema` can be provided not both. ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The generated SQL query based on the natural language prompt and provided schema. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.text_to_sql({ "database": "postgresql", "prompt": "Find all transactions with amounts exceeding $10,000, sorted by transaction date", "sql_schema": "\n CREATE TABLE Transactions (\n transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, \n user_id INT NOT NULL,\n total_amount DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL, \n transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\n status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'pending',\n FOREIGN KEY(user_id) REFERENCES Users(user_id)\n )\n " }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.text_to_sql({ "database": "postgresql", "prompt": "Find all transactions with amounts exceeding $10,000, sorted by transaction date", "sql_schema": "\n CREATE TABLE Transactions (\n transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, \n user_id INT NOT NULL,\n total_amount DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL, \n transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\n status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'pending',\n FOREIGN KEY(user_id) REFERENCES Users(user_id)\n )\n " }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sql \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"database":"postgresql","prompt":"Find all transactions with amounts exceeding $10,000, sorted by transaction date","sql_schema":"\\n CREATE TABLE Transactions \(\\n transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, \\n user_id INT NOT NULL,\\n total_amount DECIMAL\(10, 2\) NOT NULL, \\n transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\\n status VARCHAR\(20\) DEFAULT \'pending\',\\n FOREIGN KEY\(user_id\) REFERENCES Users\(user_id\)\\n \)\\n "}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sql")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = "{\"database\":\"postgresql\",\"prompt\":\"Find all transactions with amounts exceeding $10,000, sorted by transaction date\",\"sql_schema\":\"\\\\n CREATE TABLE Transactions \\(\\\\n transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, \\\\n user_id INT NOT NULL,\\\\n total_amount DECIMAL\\(10, 2\\) NOT NULL, \\\\n transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\\\\n status VARCHAR\\(20\\) DEFAULT \\pending',\\n".data(using: .utf8) let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"database":"postgresql","prompt":"Find all transactions with amounts exceeding \$10,000, sorted by transaction date","sql_schema":"\\\\n CREATE TABLE Transactions \\(\\\\n transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, \\\\n user_id INT NOT NULL,\\\\n total_amount DECIMAL\\(10, 2\\) NOT NULL, \\\\n transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\\\\n status VARCHAR\\(20\\) DEFAULT \\pending\',\\n'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sql'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"database\":\"postgresql\",\"prompt\":\"Find all transactions with amounts exceeding \$10,000, sorted by transaction date\",\"sql_schema\":\"\\\\n CREATE TABLE Transactions \\(\\\\n transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, \\\\n user_id INT NOT NULL,\\\\n total_amount DECIMAL\\(10, 2\\) NOT NULL, \\\\n transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,\\\\n status VARCHAR\\(20\\) DEFAULT \\pending',\\n" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sql") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/sql"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { database = "postgresql", prompt = "Find all transactions with amounts exceeding $10,000, sorted by transaction date", sql_schema = " CREATE TABLE Transactions ( transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, user_id INT NOT NULL, total_amount DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL, transaction_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'pending', FOREIGN KEY(user_id) REFERENCES Users(user_id) ) " }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "sql": "SELECT * FROM Transactions WHERE total_amount > 10000 ORDER BY transaction_date;", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 132, "output_tokens": 27, "inference_time_tokens": 877, "total_tokens": 1036 } } ``` # Image Translate Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/translate/image-translate POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image Extract and translate text from images into multiple languages. ## Request Parameters ### Body The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. The language code of the target language to translate to. All supported language codes can be found [here](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). The specified return type for the response
  • `url`
  • `base64`
  • `binary`
## Response Structure The response format depends on the `return_type` parameter: #### URL Response return\_type: "url" or "base64" Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The URL of the generated file (image or PDF) that can be accessed directly. #### Binary Response return\_type: "binary" The API returns the generated file (image or PDF) directly in the response body as binary data. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.translate.image({ "url": "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D", "target_language": "hi", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.translate.image({ "url": "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D", "target_language": "hi", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","target_language":"hi","return_type":"url"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D', 'target_language' => 'hi', 'return_type' => 'url' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","target_language":"hi","return_type":"url"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D\",\"target_language\":\"hi\",\"return_type\":\"url\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D", "target_language": "hi", "return_type": "url" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D","target_language":"hi","return_type":"url"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D\",\"target_language\":\"hi\",\"return_type\":\"url\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate/image"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D", target_language = "hi", return_type = "url" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "url": "https://jigsawstack-temp.b1e91a466694ad4af04df5d05ca12d93.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/temp/283702e7-50be-4ad8-b685-97b5c5ba135f.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=7b9a19349842b7b1a9e4c2e19f05b232%2F20250916%2Fauto%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250916T185147Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Signature=068cf856f26a53b43c6f7b4421987890e407520f8bdea18d27877cf6d47c8a13&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 56, "output_tokens": 192, "inference_time_tokens": 24579, "total_tokens": 24827 } } ``` # Text Translate Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/translate/translate POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate Translate text from one language to another with support for multiple text formats. ## Request Parameters ### Body The text to translate. Supports two formats: * Single string: `{"text": "Hello, how are you doing"}` * Array of strings: `{"text": ["Hello", "How are you doing"]}` Maximum text length is 5000 characters per string. The language code of the target language to translate to. All supported language codes can be found [here](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). The language code of the source text. If not provided, the API will attempt to auto-detect the language. All supported language codes can be found [here](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). ## Response Structure Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The translated text. The format matches your input: - If you sent a single string, you'll receive a single translated string - If you sent an array of strings, you'll receive an array of translated strings ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.translate.text({ "text": [ "Hello", "How are you?", "Thank you" ], "target_language": "zh" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.translate.text({ "text": [ "Hello", "How are you?", "Thank you" ], "target_language": "zh" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":["Hello","How are you?","Thank you"],"target_language":"zh"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} [ 'Hello', 'How are you?', 'Thank you' ], 'target_language' => 'zh' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"text":["Hello","How are you?","Thank you"],"target_language":"zh"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"text\":[\"Hello\",\"How are you?\",\"Thank you\"],\"target_language\":\"zh\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "text": [ "Hello", "How are you?", "Thank you" ], "target_language": "zh" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":["Hello","How are you?","Thank you"],"target_language":"zh"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":[\"Hello\",\"How are you?\",\"Thank you\"],\"target_language\":\"zh\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/translate"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = new List { "Hello", "How are you?", "Thank you" }, target_language = "zh" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "translated_text": [ "你好", "你好吗?", "谢谢" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 18, "output_tokens": 18, "inference_time_tokens": 178, "total_tokens": 214 } } ``` # vOCR Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/vocr POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr Recognise, describe and retrieve data within an image with great accuracy. ### Body The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. The prompt used to describe the image. Default prompt is `Describe the image in detail.` Enables enhanced OCR processing to improve bounding box accuracy for detected text elements. Specifies a range of pages to process with vOCR, provided as a two-element array: \[startPage, endPage]. For example, `[1,10]` processes pages 1 through 10. The range must span 10 or fewer pages. If the specified endPage exceeds the document's total pages, the last available page will be used instead. Both startPage and endPage are inclusive and must be positive integers where startPage ≤ endPage. Either `url` or `file_store_key` should be provided not both. ## Prompt Example * **`String`** ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Describe the image in detail."; } ``` * **`Array`** > Use this approach to retrieve specific data from the image file. ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: ["first name", "last name"]; } ``` ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request When using a string prompt: Returns the descriptive text about the image. When using an array prompt: Returns an object with keys matching the prompt items and values as arrays of extracted data. The width of the processed image in pixels. The height of the processed image in pixels. Array of automatically generated tags describing the content of the image. Indicates whether text was detected in the image. Array of text sections detected in the image with detailed positioning information. The complete text content of this section. Array of individual text lines within this section. The text content of this line. The average confidence score for the line. Bounding box coordinates. Top-left corner coordinates. X-coordinate. Y-coordinate. Top-right corner coordinates (same structure as top\_left). Bottom-left corner coordinates (same structure as top\_left). Bottom-right corner coordinates (same structure as top\_left). Width of the bounding box. Height of the bounding box. Array of individual words within this line. The text content of this word. Bounding box coordinates for the word (same structure as line bounds). The confidence score for this word. The total number of pages in the document. Only available for PDF files. The range of pages that were processed. Only available when `page_range` parameter is specified in the request. Supported file types: - **Images**: JPEG, JPG, PNG - **Documents**: Multi-page PDFs (up to 10 pages per API request) ```javascript Javascript theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.vision.vocr({ "prompt": [ "total_price", "tax" ], "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.vision.vocr({ "prompt": [ "total_price", "tax" ], "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"prompt":["total_price","tax"],"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} [ 'total_price', 'tax' ], 'url' => 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"prompt":["total_price","tax"],"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"prompt\":[\"total_price\",\"tax\"],\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "prompt": [ "total_price", "tax" ], "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"prompt":["total_price","tax"],"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"prompt\":[\"total_price\",\"tax\"],\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { prompt = new List { "total_price", "tax" }, url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} { "success": true, "context": { "total_price": [ "144.02" ], "tax": [ "4.58" ] }, "width": 720, "height": 960, "tags": [ "text", "paper", "receipt" ], "has_text": true, "sections": [ { "text": "See back of receipt for your chance\nto win $1000 ID #: 7N5N1V1XCQDQ\nWalmart\n317-851-1102 Mgr:JAMIE BROOKSHIRE\n882 S. STATE ROAD 135\nGREENWOOD IN 46143\nST# 05483 OP# 001436 TE# 09 TR# 06976\nTATER TOTS\n001312000026 F 2.96 0\nHARD/PROV/DC 007874219410 F\nSNACK BARS\n2.68 0\nHRI CL CHS 5.88 0\n002190848816 F 4.98 T\nHRI CL CHS\n003120606000 F\n003120506000 F 6.88 0\n** VOIDED ENTRY ##\nHRI CL CHS\n003120506000 F 5.88-0\nHRI 12 U SG 003120535000 F\nHRI CL PEP 003120507000 F\n5.88 D\nEARBUDS 068113100946 4.88 X\n5.88 0\nSC BCN CHDDR 007874202906 F\nABF THINBRST 022451710972 F\n6.98 0\nHARD/PROV/DC 007874219410 F\n9.72 0\nDV RSE OIL M 001111101220\n2.68 0\nAPPLE 3 BAG 084747300184 F\n5.94 X\nSTOK LT SWT 004127102774 F\n6.47 N\nPEANUT BUTTR 005160026499 F 6.44 0\n4.42 T\nAVO VERDE 061611206143 F 2.98 N\nROLLS 007874219416 F 1.28 0\nBTS DRY BLON 501072452746 6.58 X\nGALE 000000000003K 32.00 T\nTR HS FRM 4 002240062190 2.74 X\nBAGELS 001376402801 F 4.66 0\nGV SLIDERS 007874201625 2.98 X\nACCESSORY 007515161216 0.97 X\nCHEEZE IT 002410053523 F 4.00 0\nWAS 4.54 YOU SAVED 0.54\nRITZ 004400088210 F 2.78 N\nRUFFLES 002840020942 F 2.50 N\nGV HNY GRMS 007874207253 F 1.28 N\nSUBTOTAL 139.44\nTAX 1 7.000 % 4.58\nTOTAL 144.02\nCASH TEND 150.02\nCHANGE DUE 6.00\n# ITEMS SOLD 26\nTC# 0783 6080 4072 3416 2495 5\n04/27/19 12:59:46\nScan with Walmart app to save receipts", "lines": [ { "text": "See back of receipt for your chance", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 185, "y": 64 }, "top_right": { "x": 459, "y": 76 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 458, "y": 93 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 184, "y": 84 }, "width": 274, "height": 18.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "See", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 187, "y": 64 }, "top_right": { "x": 210, "y": 66 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 209, "y": 82 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 185, "y": 79 }, "width": 23.5, "height": 15.5 } }, { "text": "back", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 218, "y": 67 }, "top_right": { "x": 249, "y": 70 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 248, "y": 86 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 216, "y": 83 }, "width": 31.5, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "of", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 258, "y": 70 }, "top_right": { "x": 274, "y": 72 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 273, "y": 88 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 256, "y": 87 }, "width": 16.5, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "receipt", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 281, "y": 72 }, "top_right": { "x": 337, "y": 75 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 336, "y": 91 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 279, "y": 88 }, "width": 56.5, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "for", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 342, "y": 75 }, "top_right": { "x": 365, "y": 76 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 364, "y": 92 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 341, "y": 92 }, "width": 23, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "your", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 371, "y": 76 }, "top_right": { "x": 403, "y": 77 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 402, "y": 93 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 371, "y": 92 }, "width": 31.5, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "chance", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 410, "y": 77 }, "top_right": { "x": 457, "y": 77 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 457, "y": 92 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 410, "y": 93 }, "width": 47, "height": 15.5 } } ] }, { "text": "to win $1000 ID #: 7N5N1V1XCQDQ", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 186, "y": 79 }, "top_right": { "x": 420, "y": 89 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 419, "y": 107 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 185, "y": 98 }, "width": 234, "height": 18.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "to", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 187, "y": 79 }, "top_right": { "x": 202, "y": 81 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 200, "y": 94 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 185, "y": 92 }, "width": 15, "height": 13 } }, { "text": "win", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 210, "y": 81 }, "top_right": { "x": 234, "y": 83 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 232, "y": 98 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 208, "y": 95 }, "width": 24, "height": 14.5 } }, { "text": "$1000", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 241, "y": 84 }, "top_right": { "x": 281, "y": 87 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 280, "y": 103 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 240, "y": 99 }, "width": 40, "height": 15.5 } }, { "text": "ID", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 290, "y": 87 }, "top_right": { "x": 305, "y": 88 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 303, "y": 104 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 288, "y": 104 }, "width": 15, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "#:", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 311, "y": 88 }, "top_right": { "x": 325, "y": 89 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 323, "y": 105 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 310, "y": 105 }, "width": 13.5, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "7N5N1V1XCQDQ", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 328, "y": 89 }, "top_right": { "x": 419, "y": 90 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 418, "y": 105 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 326, "y": 106 }, "width": 91.5, "height": 16 } } ] }, { "text": "Walmart", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 273, "y": 106 }, "top_right": { "x": 381, "y": 109 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 380, "y": 137 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 273, "y": 134 }, "width": 107.5, "height": 28 }, "words": [ { "text": "Walmart", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 274, "y": 107 }, "top_right": { "x": 380, "y": 110 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 378, "y": 137 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 273, "y": 135 }, "width": 105.5, "height": 27.5 } } ] }, { "text": "317-851-1102 Mgr:JAMIE BROOKSHIRE", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 200, "y": 130 }, "top_right": { "x": 456, "y": 137 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 455, "y": 158 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 199, "y": 153 }, "width": 256, "height": 22 }, "words": [ { "text": "317-851-1102", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 201, "y": 131 }, "top_right": { "x": 296, "y": 139 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 295, "y": 156 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 200, "y": 148 }, "width": 95, "height": 17 } }, { "text": "Mgr:JAMIE", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 301, "y": 139 }, "top_right": { "x": 371, "y": 141 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 371, "y": 157 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 300, "y": 156 }, "width": 70.5, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "BROOKSHIRE", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 378, "y": 141 }, "top_right": { "x": 456, "y": 138 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 455, "y": 154 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 378, "y": 157 }, "width": 77.5, "height": 16 } } ] }, { "text": "882 S. STATE ROAD 135", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 246, "y": 150 }, "top_right": { "x": 409, "y": 154 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 409, "y": 171 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 245, "y": 167 }, "width": 163.5, "height": 17 }, "words": [ { "text": "882", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 248, "y": 150 }, "top_right": { "x": 272, "y": 152 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 271, "y": 168 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 247, "y": 167 }, "width": 24, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "S.", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 278, "y": 152 }, "top_right": { "x": 295, "y": 153 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 294, "y": 169 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 278, "y": 168 }, "width": 16.5, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "STATE", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 302, "y": 153 }, "top_right": { "x": 341, "y": 154 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 339, "y": 170 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 301, "y": 169 }, "width": 38.5, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "ROAD", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 347, "y": 154 }, "top_right": { "x": 379, "y": 155 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 377, "y": 171 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 346, "y": 171 }, "width": 31.5, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "135", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 387, "y": 155 }, "top_right": { "x": 410, "y": 155 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 408, "y": 171 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 385, "y": 171 }, "width": 23, "height": 16 } } ] }, { "text": "GREENWOOD IN 46143", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 259, "y": 165 }, "top_right": { "x": 402, "y": 167 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 402, "y": 184 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 258, "y": 182 }, "width": 143.5, "height": 17 }, "words": [ { "text": "GREENWOOD", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 262, "y": 165 }, "top_right": { "x": 332, "y": 167 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 331, "y": 184 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 261, "y": 182 }, "width": 70, "height": 17 } }, { "text": "IN", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 341, "y": 167 }, "top_right": { "x": 354, "y": 168 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 353, "y": 184 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 340, "y": 184 }, "width": 13, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "46143", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 363, "y": 168 }, "top_right": { "x": 402, "y": 168 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 401, "y": 184 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 362, "y": 184 }, "width": 39, "height": 16 } } ] }, { "text": "ST# 05483 OP# 001436 TE# 09 TR# 06976", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 183, "y": 171 }, "top_right": { "x": 473, "y": 179 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 472, "y": 198 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 182, "y": 193 }, "width": 290, "height": 20.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "ST#", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 183, "y": 171 }, "top_right": { "x": 207, "y": 174 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 207, "y": 189 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 183, "y": 186 }, "width": 24, "height": 15 } }, { "text": "05483", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 215, "y": 174 }, "top_right": { "x": 255, "y": 178 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 254, "y": 194 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 214, "y": 190 }, "width": 40, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "OP#", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 262, "y": 178 }, "top_right": { "x": 287, "y": 180 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 286, "y": 196 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 261, "y": 194 }, "width": 25, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "001436", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 293, "y": 180 }, "top_right": { "x": 339, "y": 182 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 339, "y": 198 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 293, "y": 196 }, "width": 46, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "TE#", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 348, "y": 182 }, "top_right": { "x": 371, "y": 182 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 370, "y": 198 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 347, "y": 198 }, "width": 23, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "09", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 377, "y": 182 }, "top_right": { "x": 393, "y": 182 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 393, "y": 198 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 377, "y": 198 }, "width": 16, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "TR#", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 401, "y": 182 }, "top_right": { "x": 424, "y": 182 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 424, "y": 197 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 401, "y": 198 }, "width": 23, "height": 15.5 } }, { "text": "06976", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 430, "y": 182 }, "top_right": { "x": 471, "y": 180 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 471, "y": 194 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 430, "y": 197 }, "width": 41, "height": 14.5 } } ] }, { "text": "TATER TOTS", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 183, "y": 187 }, "top_right": { "x": 263, "y": 193 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 262, "y": 208 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 183, "y": 201 }, "width": 79.5, "height": 14.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "TATER", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 184, "y": 187 }, "top_right": { "x": 222, "y": 190 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 221, "y": 204 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 183, "y": 202 }, "width": 38, "height": 14.5 } }, { "text": "TOTS", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 232, "y": 191 }, "top_right": { "x": 262, "y": 193 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 260, "y": 208 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 231, "y": 205 }, "width": 29.5, "height": 14.5 } } ] }, { "text": "001312000026 F 2.96 0", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 282, "y": 195 }, "top_right": { "x": 392, "y": 196 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 392, "y": 211 }, 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"bottom_right": { "x": 262, "y": 644 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 239, "y": 643 }, "width": 23, "height": 13.5 } }, { "text": "1", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 272, "y": 630 }, "top_right": { "x": 277, "y": 630 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 277, "y": 644 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 271, "y": 644 }, "width": 5.5, "height": 14 } } ] }, { "text": "TOTAL 144.02", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 332, "y": 645 }, "top_right": { "x": 374, "y": 647 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 373, "y": 660 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 332, "y": 660 }, "width": 41.5, "height": 14 }, "words": [ { "text": "TOTAL", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 335, "y": 645 }, "top_right": { "x": 373, "y": 646 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 372, "y": 661 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 335, "y": 660 }, "width": 37.5, "height": 15 } } ] }, { "text": "CASH TEND 150.02", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 291, "y": 660 }, "top_right": { "x": 375, "y": 660 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 375, "y": 675 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 291, "y": 674 }, "width": 84, "height": 14.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "CASH", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 292, "y": 660 }, "top_right": { "x": 324, "y": 660 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 323, "y": 675 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 292, "y": 675 }, "width": 31.5, "height": 15 } }, { "text": "TEND", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 342, "y": 661 }, "top_right": { "x": 373, "y": 661 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 372, "y": 675 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 341, "y": 675 }, "width": 31, "height": 14 } } ] }, { "text": "CHANGE DUE 6.00", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 290, "y": 675 }, "top_right": { "x": 373, "y": 675 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 373, "y": 690 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 290, "y": 690 }, "width": 83, "height": 15 }, "words": [ { "text": "CHANGE", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 292, "y": 676 }, "top_right": { "x": 340, "y": 676 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 339, "y": 690 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 291, "y": 690 }, "width": 48, "height": 14 } }, { "text": "DUE", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 348, "y": 676 }, "top_right": { "x": 372, "y": 676 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 372, "y": 690 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 348, "y": 690 }, "width": 24, "height": 14 } } ] }, { "text": "# ITEMS SOLD 26", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 249, "y": 689 }, "top_right": { "x": 376, "y": 690 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 376, "y": 706 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 248, "y": 705 }, "width": 127.5, "height": 16 }, "words": [ { "text": "#", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 251, "y": 690 }, "top_right": { "x": 260, "y": 690 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 259, "y": 705 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 251, "y": 705 }, "width": 8.5, "height": 15 } }, { "text": "ITEMS", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 268, "y": 690 }, "top_right": { "x": 308, "y": 691 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 307, "y": 706 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 267, "y": 705 }, "width": 40, "height": 15 } }, { "text": "SOLD", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 317, "y": 691 }, "top_right": { "x": 347, "y": 691 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 347, "y": 706 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 316, "y": 706 }, "width": 30.5, "height": 15 } }, { "text": "26", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 357, "y": 691 }, "top_right": { "x": 372, "y": 691 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 372, "y": 705 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 357, "y": 706 }, "width": 15, "height": 14.5 } } ] }, { "text": "TC# 0783 6080 4072 3416 2495 5", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 192, "y": 703 }, "top_right": { "x": 440, "y": 705 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 439, "y": 723 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 192, "y": 720 }, "width": 247.5, "height": 17.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "TC#", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 193, "y": 704 }, "top_right": { "x": 218, "y": 704 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 218, "y": 720 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 193, "y": 720 }, "width": 25, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "0783", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 226, "y": 704 }, "top_right": { "x": 259, "y": 704 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 259, "y": 721 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 225, "y": 720 }, "width": 33.5, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "6080", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 266, "y": 704 }, "top_right": { "x": 300, "y": 704 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 300, "y": 721 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 266, "y": 721 }, "width": 34, "height": 17 } }, { "text": "4072", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 308, "y": 704 }, "top_right": { "x": 342, "y": 705 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 341, "y": 721 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 308, "y": 721 }, "width": 33.5, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "3416", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 348, "y": 705 }, "top_right": { "x": 380, "y": 705 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 379, "y": 722 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 347, "y": 722 }, "width": 32, "height": 17 } }, { "text": "2495", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 389, "y": 705 }, "top_right": { "x": 421, "y": 706 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 420, "y": 723 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 388, "y": 722 }, "width": 32, "height": 17 } }, { "text": "5", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 428, "y": 706 }, "top_right": { "x": 436, "y": 706 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 435, "y": 724 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 427, "y": 723 }, "width": 8, "height": 17.5 } } ] }, { "text": "04/27/19 12:59:46", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 223, "y": 763 }, "top_right": { "x": 291, "y": 763 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 291, "y": 779 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 223, "y": 779 }, "width": 68, "height": 16 }, "words": [ { "text": "04/27/19", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 224, "y": 763 }, "top_right": { "x": 289, "y": 764 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 288, "y": 779 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 224, "y": 779 }, "width": 64.5, "height": 15.5 } } ] }, { "text": "Scan with Walmart app to save receipts", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 154, "y": 778 }, "top_right": { "x": 469, "y": 782 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 469, "y": 801 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 154, "y": 796 }, "width": 315, "height": 18.5 }, "words": [ { "text": "Scan", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 155, "y": 779 }, "top_right": { "x": 188, "y": 779 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 187, "y": 797 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 154, "y": 797 }, "width": 33, "height": 18 } }, { "text": "with", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 196, "y": 779 }, "top_right": { "x": 230, "y": 779 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 229, "y": 796 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 195, "y": 797 }, "width": 34, "height": 17.5 } }, { "text": "Walmart", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 238, "y": 779 }, "top_right": { "x": 298, "y": 780 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 297, "y": 796 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 237, "y": 796 }, "width": 60, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "app", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 305, "y": 780 }, "top_right": { "x": 330, "y": 780 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 329, "y": 797 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 304, "y": 796 }, "width": 25, "height": 16.5 } }, { "text": "to", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 339, "y": 781 }, "top_right": { "x": 354, "y": 781 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 353, "y": 797 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 338, "y": 797 }, "width": 15, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "save", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 362, "y": 781 }, "top_right": { "x": 395, "y": 782 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 394, "y": 798 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 361, "y": 797 }, "width": 33, "height": 16 } }, { "text": "receipts", "bounds": { "top_left": { "x": 401, "y": 783 }, "top_right": { "x": 469, "y": 786 }, "bottom_right": { "x": 468, "y": 800 }, "bottom_left": { "x": 400, "y": 798 }, "width": 68, "height": 14.5 } } ] } ] } ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 23, "output_tokens": 11203, "inference_time_tokens": 3666, "total_tokens": 14892 } } ``` # All Models & APIs Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/all-models Complete reference guide to all models and APIs ## Core AI | API | Description | | ----------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | | [Sentiment Analysis](/docs/api-reference/ai/sentiment) | Analyze text sentiment (positive, negative, neutral) | | [Translation](/docs/api-reference/ai/translate) | Translate text between languages | | [Summary](/docs/api-reference/ai/summary) | Generate concise text summaries | | [Time Series Prediction](/docs/api-reference/ai/prediction) | Forecast future values based on historical data | | [Text to SQL](/docs/api-reference/ai/text-to-sql) | Convert natural language to SQL queries | | [Image Generation](/docs/api-reference/ai/image-generation) | Create images from text prompts | ## Web & Search | API | Description | | -------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | | [AI Web Scraper](/docs/api-reference/ai/scrape) | Intelligent web scraping with AI extraction | | [HTML to Any](/docs/api-reference/web/html-to-any) | Convert HTML to various formats | | [Web Search](/docs/api-reference/web/ai-search) | AI-powered web search functionality | ## Language Models | API | Description | | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------- | | [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) | The LLM built for developers | ## Computer Vision | API | Description | | ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | [vOCR](/docs/api-reference/ai/vocr) | Extract text from images | | [Object Detection](/docs/api-reference/ai/object-detection) | Identify and locate objects in images | ## Audio Processing | API | Description | | ------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | | [Speech to Text](/docs/api-reference/ai/speech-to-text) | Convert spoken language to written text | ## Content Validation | API | Description | | --------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | | [NSFW Detection](/docs/api-reference/validate/nsfw) | Detect not safe for work content | | [Profanity Check](/docs/api-reference/validate/profanity) | Filter inappropriate language | | [Spell Check](/docs/api-reference/validate/spellcheck) | Detect and correct spelling errors | | [Spam Check](/docs/api-reference/ai/spam-check) | Identify spam content | ## File Management | API | Description | | ---------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | | [File Storage](/docs/api-reference/store/file) | Store and manage files in the cloud | ## Getting Started ```javascript theme={null} // Example: Using the Sentiment Analysis API import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.sentiment({ text: "I love this product!", }); console.log(result); // Output: { sentiment: "positive", score: 0.92 } ``` For detailed usage instructions, code examples, and response formats, click on any API link above. ## Need Help? * Check our [quickstart guide](/docs/quick-start/node/introduction) * Join our [Discord](https://jigsawstack.com/discord) # Authentication Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/authentication Secure Access to JigsawStack API & SDK. ## Retrieve your API key * Log in to your JigsawStack [dashboard](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Navigate to Keys tab. * Click on `+ Create new key` button to create a new API key. * Copy the API key and securely store it in your environment variables. ## Secret and Public keys The JigsawStack API has two types of API keys: `secret` and `public`. ### Secret keys * Secret API keys are great for backend services. A secret key can access all APIs without any restrictions. Secret Key Setup Your `secret` API key should never be public, shared or exposed in a github repository. ### Public API keys * Public API keys are ideal for frontend applications, allowing direct API calls from the client side. However, it's important to set public key restrictions for added security. #### Public Key Restrictions 1. **API access** - Limits public key access to the specified APIs. 2. **Whitelist domains(routes)** - Restrict public key access to the specified domains. Public Key Setup Domain whitelisting is recommended when creating `public` api keys. ## Base URL The JigsawStack base URL is built on REST principles. We enforce HTTPS in every request to improve data security, integrity, and privacy. The base URL does not support HTTP. Base URL `https://api.jigsawstack.com` The JigsawStack API uses API keys to authenticate requests. You can view and manage your API keys in the JigsawStack Dashboard. ## SDK authentication * Configure API key as an environment variable ```bash .env theme={null} JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY='your-api-key' ``` * Authenticate ```javascript Javascript/Typescript theme={null} const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: process.env.JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY }); ``` ```python Python theme={null} jigsawstack = JigsawStack(api_key=os.environ["JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY"]) ``` ## API request * Attach the header parameter `x-api-key` with the API key obtained from your dashboard. ```js theme={null} const headers = { "x-api-key": "", }; const baseUrl = "https://api.jigsawstack.com"; const result = await fetch(`${baseUrl}/v1/ai/summary`, { method: "POST", body: { text: "The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or simply, the Tower of Pisa, is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral", }, headers, }); ``` * You can also add `x-api-key` as query parameter. ```js theme={null} const baseUrl = "https://api.jigsawstack.com"; await fetch(`${baseUrl}/v1/ai/summary?x-api-key=`); ``` `x-api-key` as query parameter only works for public API keys. ## Protecting against key leakage. * Avoid storing keys in source code repositories (e.g., GitHub). Bad actors often scan public repositories for leaked keys. Even if the repository is private, it can still be accessed by team members in their development environments. * Never embed secret keys directly in applications. Instead, read them from environment variables to keep them secure. * Use only public keys in client-side applications. Ensure that you whitelist specific domains that can access this public key to prevent unauthorized use. * Store secret keys in secure key management systems (KMS). When creating a key (e.g., from the JigsawStack Dashboard), it will only be revealed once. Immediately copy the key to a KMS, which is designed to handle sensitive information with encryption and access controls. Ensure that you don't leave a copy of the key in any local files. # Classification Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/classification/classification POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification Classify text and image datasets using custom labels. ### Body Array of data samples to classify. Each sample contains: * `type`: Either "text" or "image" * `value`: The content to classify (text string or image URL) Maximum of 32 samples allowed per request. At least 1 sample required. All items in the dataset must be of the same type. You cannot mix text and image samples in a single request. Array of classification labels. Each label contains: * `key`: Optional identifier for the label * `type`: Either "text" or "image" * `value`: The label content (text string or image URL) At least 2 labels required. Whether to allow multiple labels per classification result. When false, each prediction returns a single label. When true, each prediction can return multiple labels. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Array of classification results. Each element corresponds to a dataset sample: * If `multiple_labels` is false: Each element is a string (single label) * If `multiple_labels` is true: Each element is an array of strings (multiple labels) ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.classification({ "dataset": [ { "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg" }, { "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg" } ], "labels": [ { "type": "text", "value": "hotdog" }, { "type": "text", "value": "not a hotdog" } ] }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.classification({ "dataset": [ { "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg" }, { "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg" } ], "labels": [ { "type": "text", "value": "hotdog" }, { "type": "text", "value": "not a hotdog" } ] }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"dataset":[{"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg"},{"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg"}],"labels":[{"type":"text","value":"hotdog"},{"type":"text","value":"not a hotdog"}]}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} [ { 'type' => 'image', 'value' => 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg' }, { 'type' => 'image', 'value' => 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg' } ], 'labels' => [ { 'type' => 'text', 'value' => 'hotdog' }, { 'type' => 'text', 'value' => 'not a hotdog' } ] }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"dataset":[{"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg"},{"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg"}],"labels":[{"type":"text","value":"hotdog"},{"type":"text","value":"not a hotdog"}]}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"dataset\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"value\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg\"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"value\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg\"}],\"labels\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"hotdog\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"not a hotdog\"}]}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "dataset": [ [ "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg" ], [ "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg" ] ], "labels": [ [ "type": "text", "value": "hotdog" ], [ "type": "text", "value": "not a hotdog" ] ] ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"dataset":[{"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg"},{"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg"}],"labels":[{"type":"text","value":"hotdog"},{"type":"text","value":"not a hotdog"}]}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"dataset\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"value\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg\"},{\"type\":\"image\",\"value\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg\"}],\"labels\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"hotdog\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"not a hotdog\"}]}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/classification"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { dataset = new List { {"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg"}, {"type":"image","value":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg"} }, labels = new List { {"type":"text","value":"hotdog"}, {"type":"text","value":"not a hotdog"} } }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "predictions": [ "not a hotdog", "hotdog" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 69, "output_tokens": 14, "inference_time_tokens": 3942, "total_tokens": 4025 } } ``` # Errors Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/error JigsawStack uses standard HTTP response codes to indicate the success or failure of an API request. ## Error Codes * 2xx codes indicate success. For example, a 200 OK code indicates that the request was successful. * 4xx codes indicate an error that was caused by the client. For example, a 400 Bad Request code indicates that the request was malformed. * 5xx codes indicate an error that was caused by the server. For example, a 500 Internal Server Error code indicates that the server encountered an unexpected error. | Code | Description | | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | **200** - OK | The request was successful. | | **400** - Bad Request | The request was malformed. | | **401** - Unauthorized | No valid API key provided. | | **403** - Forbidden | The API key doesn't have permissions to perform the request. | | **404** - Not Found | The requested resource doesn't exist. | | **405** - Method not found | The requested resource doesn't exist. | | **500** - Server Error | The server encountered an unexpected error. | # Handling Files Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/handling-files Learn how to pass files to JigsawStack APIs. There are many ways to pass files to JigsawStack APIs. This page will cover the most common methods, going from the easiest to the most complex. ## 1. Passing files through URLs The easiest way to pass files to JigsawStack APIs is to pass in your file url. APIs that support file will always support `url` parameter. Here are a few examples straight from our [API Reference](/docs/api-reference). ```javascript vocr_url.js theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.vision.vocr({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" "prompt": [ "total_price", "tax" ], }) ``` ```python vocr_url.py theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.vision.vocr({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg", "prompt": [ "total_price", "tax" ], }) ``` ## 2. Passing the files using [File Store](/docs/api-reference/store/file/add) The second way to pass files to JigsawStack APIs is to use the `file_store_key` parameter. This is useful when you want to pass the same file to multiple APIs. ### Upload the File to JigsawStack File Store ```javascript file_upload.js theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); const imageFetch = await fetch("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg"); const blob = await imageFetch.blob(); const response = await jigsaw.store.upload(blob, { overwrite: true, temp_public_url: true, }); // Response: // {'key': 'generated-file-store-key', // 'size': 152856, // 'temp_public_url': 'temp-public-url-to-the-file', // 'url': 'url-to-the-file' // } ``` ```python file_upload.py theme={null} import requests from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") image_response = requests.get( "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" ) blob = image_response.content response = jigsaw.store.upload(blob, { "overwrite": True, "temp_public_url": True, } ) # Response: # {'key': 'generated-file-store-key', # 'size': 152856, # 'temp_public_url': 'temp-public-url-to-the-file', # 'url': 'url-to-the-file' # } ``` ### Then pass the `file_store_key` to your desired API ```javascript file_store_key.js theme={null} const result = await jigsaw.vision.vocr({ file_store_key: "generated-file-store-key", }); ``` ```python file_store_key.py theme={null} result = jigsaw.vision.vocr({ "file_store_key": "generated-file-store-key", }); ``` You can access the preview link of the file by using the `temp_public_url`. The `temp_public_url` is a temporary URL that will expire after 7 days. ## 3. Passing files directly You can pass files directly to the API. This is useful if you dont want to encode the file as base64 or url. ```javascript vocr_direct.js theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const file = await fetch("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg"); const fileBlob = await file.blob(); const response = await jigsaw.vision.vocr(fileBlob, { prompt: ["total_price", "tax"], }); ``` ```python vocr_direct.py theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack import requests jigsaw = JigsawStack( api_key="" ) # Get the image from URL image_url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" image_response = requests.get(image_url) imageblob = image_response.content response = jigsaw.vision.vocr( imageblob, {"prompt": ["total_price", "tax"]}, ) print(response) ``` ## 4. Passing files as multipart/form-data By passing it as multipart/form-data, JigsawStack will handle the file encoding and pass the file to the API. ```curl curl_example.sh theme={null} curl -X POST \ -H "x-api-key: your-api-key" \ -F "file=@/path/to/downloaded/image.jpg" \ -F "body={\"prompt\": [\"total_price\", \"tax\"]}" \ https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr ``` ```javascript multipart_form_data.js theme={null} const file = await fetch("/path/to/downloaded/image.jpg"); const body = { prompt: ["total_price", "tax"], } const formData = new FormData(); formData.append("file", file); formData.append("body", JSON.stringify(body)); const response = await fetch("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr", { method: "POST", body: formData, }); console.log(response); ``` ```python multipart_form_data.py theme={null} import requests files = { "file": open("/path/to/downloaded/image.jpg", "rb"), } data = { "prompt": ["total_price", "tax"], } response = requests.post("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/vocr", files=files, data=data) print(response.json()) ``` # Create Prompt Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/create POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine Create a prompt for easy reuse. 🎉 **Exciting News!** We've enhanced Prompt Engine with powerful new capabilities. Meet [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) - our advanced LLM that takes your AI workflows to the next level, built for debvelopers, with improved performance better organization, and enhanced features. ### Body Name of the prompt engine. Maximum 300 characters. The prompt. Maximum character limit is `500000`. Prompt supports dynamic inputs. See example below. The prompt inputs. See example below. How the prompt result should be returned or formatted. See examples below Include this to guard against unsafe inputs from users. Supported values:
  • `defamation`
  • `privacy`
  • `hate`
  • `sexual_content`
  • `elections`
  • `code_interpreter_abuse`
  • `indiscrimate_weapons`
  • `specialized_advice`
Include this to optimize the prompt for best results. True by default. Include this to allow prompt engine to use the internet. ## Sample Prompt Payload * String `return_prompt` ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs: [ { key: "about", optional: false, initial_value: "Leaning Tower of Pisa", }, ], return_prompt: "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": ["sexual_content", "defamation"] } ``` * `Array` `return_prompt` ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs: [ { key: "about", optional: "false", initial_value: "Leaning Tower of Pisa", }, ], return_prompt: [{ excerpt: "short story text", summary: "summary of story" }], "prompt_guard": ["sexual_content", "defamation"] } ``` * Object `return_prompt` ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs: [ { key: "about", optional: false, initial_value: "Leaning Tower of Pisa", }, ], return_prompt: { excerpt: "short story text", summary: "summary of story" }, "prompt_guard": ["sexual_content", "defamation"] } ``` ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request ```javascript Javascript theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prompt_engine.create({ "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false, "initial_value": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": [ "sexual_content", "defamation" ] }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prompt_engine.create({ "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": False, "initial_value": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": [ "sexual_content", "defamation" ] }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"prompt":"Tell me a story about {about}","inputs":[{"key":"about","optional":false,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"}],"return_prompt":"Return the result in a markdown format","prompt_guard":["sexual_content","defamation"]}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} 'Tell me a story about {about}', 'inputs' => [ { 'key' => 'about', 'optional' => false, 'initial_value' => 'Leaning Tower of Pisa' } ], 'return_prompt' => 'Return the result in a markdown format', 'prompt_guard' => [ 'sexual_content', 'defamation' ] }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"prompt":"Tell me a story about {about}","inputs":[{"key":"about","optional":false,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"}],"return_prompt":"Return the result in a markdown format","prompt_guard":["sexual_content","defamation"]}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"prompt\":\"Tell me a story about {about}\",\"inputs\":[{\"key\":\"about\",\"optional\":false,\"initial_value\":\"Leaning Tower of Pisa\"}],\"return_prompt\":\"Return the result in a markdown format\",\"prompt_guard\":[\"sexual_content\",\"defamation\"]}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ [ "key": "about", "optional": false, "initial_value": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" ] ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": [ "sexual_content", "defamation" ] ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"prompt":"Tell me a story about {about}","inputs":[{"key":"about","optional":false,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"}],"return_prompt":"Return the result in a markdown format","prompt_guard":["sexual_content","defamation"]}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"prompt\":\"Tell me a story about {about}\",\"inputs\":[{\"key\":\"about\",\"optional\":false,\"initial_value\":\"Leaning Tower of Pisa\"}],\"return_prompt\":\"Return the result in a markdown format\",\"prompt_guard\":[\"sexual_content\",\"defamation\"]}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { prompt = "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs = new List { {"key":"about","optional":false,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"} }, return_prompt = "Return the result in a markdown format", prompt_guard = new List { "sexual_content", "defamation" } }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} theme={null} { "success": true, "prompt_engine_id": "dea57da0-eea1-400f-b5df-2f6216a4c2b9", "optimized_prompt": "Write a detailed and engaging story about {about}, including vivid descriptions, well-developed characters, and a clear beginning, middle, and end.", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 58, "output_tokens": 61, "inference_time_tokens": 1121, "total_tokens": 1240 } } ``` # Delete a Prompt Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/delete DELETE https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/{id} Deletes a prompt engine. 🎉 **Exciting News!** We've enhanced Prompt Engine with powerful new capabilities. Meet [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) - our advanced LLM that takes your AI workflows to the next level, built for debvelopers, with improved performance better organization, and enhanced features. ### Path Params The prompt ID. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prompt_engine.delete({ "promptId": "dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prompt_engine.delete({ "promptId": "dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/${id}?promptId=dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5 \ -X DELETE \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Delete.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "os" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/" + os.Getenv("id") + "?promptId=dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5", nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.lang.System; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/" + System.getenv("id") + "?promptId=dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5")) .DELETE() .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/" + (ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["id"] ?? "") + "?promptId=dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "DELETE" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'dart:io'; import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'promptId': 'dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5', }; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/' + (Platform.environment['id'] ?? '')) .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.delete(url, headers: headers); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.delete error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import java.lang.System import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/" + System.getenv("id") ?: "" + "?promptId=dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5") .delete("".toRequestBody()) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Delete, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/${id}?promptId=dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { promptId = "dc578c69-6eb5-4c5b-82ab-9f74077cfdd5" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` # List Prompts Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/list GET https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine List all prompts in your project. 🎉 **Exciting News!** We've enhanced Prompt Engine with powerful new capabilities. Meet [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) - our advanced LLM that takes your AI workflows to the next level, built for debvelopers, with improved performance better organization, and enhanced features. ### Query The maximum number of prompts to be returned. The page to return. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prompt_engine.list({ "limit": "10" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prompt_engine.list({ "limit": "10" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine?limit=10 \ -X GET \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} '10', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine?limit=10", nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine?limit=10")) .GET() .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine?limit=10")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'limit': '10', }; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine') .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.get(url, headers: headers); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.get error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request val client = OkHttpClient() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine?limit=10") .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine?limit=10"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "prompt_engines": [ { "id": "0317e3c5-b441-42de-9bce-19d76812e459", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-15T22:31:54.575163+00:00" }, { "id": "2fc1fa81-e7b4-4539-bc35-7a4349b61601", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-15T22:19:05.416393+00:00" }, { "id": "a4622068-2b84-47b3-a325-13c7a82ca393", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-10T18:34:27.004408+00:00" }, { "id": "5c3c2736-17e1-4536-9ccf-e8d72ca483f1", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T18:20:43.778267+00:00" }, { "id": "278515ab-23cb-4675-8041-614f0d268c68", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": null, "return_prompt": null, "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T02:49:00.296775+00:00" }, { "id": "12ca390e-0eb6-4bf2-a727-67f2ef79cd39", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": null, "return_prompt": null, "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T02:48:13.305085+00:00" }, { "id": "48ad4a83-82c9-4356-89f4-c48e43fa6b81", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T02:37:53.155681+00:00" }, { "id": "c62d8a22-d75c-4d9f-b4ee-5673f154be76", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T02:37:32.744933+00:00" }, { "id": "f2f3eb09-9754-4376-8824-c7231f3b2920", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T02:02:04.481774+00:00" }, { "id": "85e919c1-717b-4b4f-9d0d-2e91968c102d", "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": false } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "return_prompt_type": "string", "created_at": "2025-09-09T01:58:32.641838+00:00" } ], "page": 0, "limit": 10, "has_more": true, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 4, "output_tokens": 650, "inference_time_tokens": 151, "total_tokens": 805 } } ``` # Get Prompt Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/retrieve GET https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/{id} Retrieve details of a prompt. 🎉 **Exciting News!** We've enhanced Prompt Engine with powerful new capabilities. Meet [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) - our advanced LLM that takes your AI workflows to the next level, built for debvelopers, with improved performance better organization, and enhanced features. ### Query The prompt id. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prompt_engine.get({ "id": "14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prompt_engine.get({ "id": "14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43?id=14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43 \ -X GET \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} '14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43?id=14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43", nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43?id=14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43")) .GET() .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43?id=14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'id': '14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43', }; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43') .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.get(url, headers: headers); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.get error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request val client = OkHttpClient() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43?id=14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43") .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43?id=14d675d5-b309-463d-8906-1be65af74c43"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` # Run Prompt Engine Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/run POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/{id} Execute a prompt engine using the prompt engine id. 🎉 **Exciting News!** We've enhanced Prompt Engine with powerful new capabilities. Meet [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) - our advanced LLM that takes your AI workflows to the next level, built for debvelopers, with improved performance better organization, and enhanced features. ### Body The input values. This is required if the `inputs` parameter was specified when creating a prompt. Each input value has a `500000` character limit If set, partial message chunk will be sent. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prompt_engine.run({ "input_values": { "text": "How to get started with JigsawStack?" }, "id": "0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prompt_engine.run({ "input_values": { "text": "How to get started with JigsawStack?" }, "id": "0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5?id=0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5 \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"input_values":{"text":"How to get started with JigsawStack?"}}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} '0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req.body = { 'input_values' => { 'text' => 'How to get started with JigsawStack?' } }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"input_values":{"text":"How to get started with JigsawStack?"}}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5?id=0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5?id=0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"input_values\":{\"text\":\"How to get started with JigsawStack?\"}}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "input_values": [ "text": "How to get started with JigsawStack?" ] ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5?id=0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'id': '0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5', }; final data = '{"input_values":{"text":"How to get started with JigsawStack?"}}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5') .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"input_values\":{\"text\":\"How to get started with JigsawStack?\"}}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5?id=0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5?id=0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { input_values = new { text = "How to get started with JigsawStack?" }, id = "0073d008-da9b-4c27-90a8-0240f3ecd4f5" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "result": { "outline": [ { "section": "Introduction to JigsawStack" }, { "section": "Prerequisites" }, { "section": "Installation and Setup" }, { "section": "Creating Your First Project" }, { "section": "Understanding the JigsawStack Architecture" }, { "section": "Basic JigsawStack Commands" }, { "section": "Exploring JigsawStack Features" }, { "section": "Troubleshooting Common Issues" }, { "section": "Next Steps and Resources" } ] }, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 17, "output_tokens": 104, "inference_time_tokens": 1681, "total_tokens": 1802 } } ``` # Run Prompt Direct Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/run-direct POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run Run a prompt directly. 🎉 **Exciting News!** We've enhanced Prompt Engine with powerful new capabilities. Meet [Interfaze](https://interfaze.ai) - our advanced LLM that takes your AI workflows to the next level, built for debvelopers, with improved performance better organization, and enhanced features. **Run Prompt Direct** is ideal for one-time prompt usage. For prompts that will be used multiple times, it is recommended to first [Create a Prompt](/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/create) and then [Run the Prompt](/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/run) for better reliability. ### Body The prompt. Maximum character limit is `500000`. Prompt supports dynamic inputs. See example below. The prompt inputs. See example below. How the prompt result should be returned or formatted. See examples below Include this to guard against unsafe inputs from users. Supported values:
  • `defamation`
  • `privacy`
  • `hate`
  • `sexual_content`
  • `elections`
  • `code_interpreter_abuse`
  • `indiscrimate_weapons`
  • `specialized_advice`
Key-value pair for dynamic prompt variables. Each input value has a `500000` character limit If set, partial message chunk will be sent. Include this to allow prompt engine to use the internet. ## Sample Prompt Payload * String `return_prompt` ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs: [ { key: "about", optional: false, }, ], return_prompt: "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": ["sexual_content", "defamation"] "input_values": { "about": "Santorini", } } ``` * `Array` `return_prompt` ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs: [ { key: "about", optional: false, initial_value: "Leaning Tower of Pisa", }, ], return_prompt: [{ excerpt: "short story text", summary: "summary of story" }], "prompt_guard": ["sexual_content", "defamation"], "input_values": { "about": "Santorini", } } ``` * Object `return_prompt` ```javascript theme={null} { prompt: "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs: [ { key: "about", optional: false, initial_value: "Leaning Tower of Pisa", }, ], return_prompt: { excerpt: "short story text", summary: "summary of story" }, "prompt_guard": ["sexual_content", "defamation"], "input_values": { "about": "Santorini", } } ``` ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prompt_engine.run_prompt_direct({ "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": true, "initial_value": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": [ "sexual_content", "defamation" ], "input_values": { "about": "Santorini" } }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.prompt_engine.run_prompt_direct({ "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ { "key": "about", "optional": True, "initial_value": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" } ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": [ "sexual_content", "defamation" ], "input_values": { "about": "Santorini" } }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"prompt":"Tell me a story about {about}","inputs":[{"key":"about","optional":true,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"}],"return_prompt":"Return the result in a markdown format","prompt_guard":["sexual_content","defamation"],"input_values":{"about":"Santorini"}}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'Tell me a story about {about}', 'inputs' => [ { 'key' => 'about', 'optional' => true, 'initial_value' => 'Leaning Tower of Pisa' } ], 'return_prompt' => 'Return the result in a markdown format', 'prompt_guard' => [ 'sexual_content', 'defamation' ], 'input_values' => { 'about' => 'Santorini' } }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"prompt":"Tell me a story about {about}","inputs":[{"key":"about","optional":true,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"}],"return_prompt":"Return the result in a markdown format","prompt_guard":["sexual_content","defamation"],"input_values":{"about":"Santorini"}}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"prompt\":\"Tell me a story about {about}\",\"inputs\":[{\"key\":\"about\",\"optional\":true,\"initial_value\":\"Leaning Tower of Pisa\"}],\"return_prompt\":\"Return the result in a markdown format\",\"prompt_guard\":[\"sexual_content\",\"defamation\"],\"input_values\":{\"about\":\"Santorini\"}}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "prompt": "Tell me a story about {about}", "inputs": [ [ "key": "about", "optional": true, "initial_value": "Leaning Tower of Pisa" ] ], "return_prompt": "Return the result in a markdown format", "prompt_guard": [ "sexual_content", "defamation" ], "input_values": [ "about": "Santorini" ] ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"prompt":"Tell me a story about {about}","inputs":[{"key":"about","optional":true,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"}],"return_prompt":"Return the result in a markdown format","prompt_guard":["sexual_content","defamation"],"input_values":{"about":"Santorini"}}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"prompt\":\"Tell me a story about {about}\",\"inputs\":[{\"key\":\"about\",\"optional\":true,\"initial_value\":\"Leaning Tower of Pisa\"}],\"return_prompt\":\"Return the result in a markdown format\",\"prompt_guard\":[\"sexual_content\",\"defamation\"],\"input_values\":{\"about\":\"Santorini\"}}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/prompt_engine/run"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { prompt = "Tell me a story about {about}", inputs = new List { {"key":"about","optional":true,"initial_value":"Leaning Tower of Pisa"} }, return_prompt = "Return the result in a markdown format", prompt_guard = new List { "sexual_content", "defamation" }, input_values = new { about = "Santorini" } }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "result": "Okay, here's a story about Santorini, formatted in Markdown:\n\n# The Whispers of Oia\n\nThe Aegean Sea, a sapphire canvas stretched taut beneath the fiery kiss of the setting sun, lapped gently against the volcanic shores of Santorini. Eleni, a young woman with eyes the color of the deep sea and hair like spun moonlight, sat perched on the edge of the caldera in Oia. The year was 2025, and while the world had changed, the timeless beauty of Santorini remained, a beacon of serenity in a turbulent world.\n\nEleni wasn't just admiring the view; she was listening. Listening to the whispers of Oia. Her grandmother, Yaya Sofia, had taught her to hear them. \"The stones remember,\" Yaya Sofia would say, her voice raspy with age and wisdom. \"They remember the Minoan eruption, the centuries of fishermen, the artists who came seeking inspiration. They whisper their stories to those who listen.\"\n\nEleni had always been skeptical, but tonight, the whispers seemed louder, clearer. She felt a pull, a connection to the past that resonated deep within her soul. She closed her eyes, letting the salty breeze caress her face.\n\n* * *\n\nThe whispers began to coalesce into a vision. She saw a young woman, her name was Ariadne, standing on the same spot, but centuries ago. Ariadne was a Minoan priestess, her face etched with worry. The earth trembled beneath her feet, and the air crackled with an unnatural energy. She knew, with a chilling certainty, that the volcano was about to unleash its fury.\n\nAriadne clutched a small, intricately carved obsidian amulet, a gift from her grandfather, a master craftsman. It was said to hold the spirit of the island, a protector against the forces of nature. She prayed to the gods, begging them to spare her people.\n\nThe vision shifted. Eleni saw the eruption, a cataclysmic event that reshaped the island forever. She felt the heat, the terror, the utter devastation. But amidst the chaos, she saw Ariadne, holding the amulet aloft, her face resolute.\n\n* * *\n\nEleni gasped, opening her eyes. The sun had dipped below the horizon, painting the sky in hues of orange, pink, and purple. The whispers faded, leaving her breathless and shaken.\n\nShe looked down at her own hand. Unconsciously, she had reached into her pocket and was clutching a small, smooth stone. It was obsidian, and as she held it, she felt a faint warmth, a connection to the vision she had just experienced.\n\nEleni knew then that Yaya Sofia was right. The stones did remember. And they were calling to her.\n\nOver the next few weeks, Eleni delved into the history of Santorini, poring over ancient texts and archaeological reports. She learned about the Minoan civilization, the eruption, and the enduring spirit of the island. She realized that the obsidian amulet Ariadne had held was more than just a trinket; it was a symbol of hope, a reminder that even in the face of unimaginable destruction, life could find a way.\n\nOne day, while exploring a hidden cove near Akrotiri, Eleni stumbled upon a small, crumbling shrine. It was overgrown with weeds and almost completely forgotten. As she cleared away the debris, she noticed a small indentation in the stone altar, perfectly sized for the obsidian amulet.\n\nEleni knew what she had to do. She took the obsidian stone from her pocket and placed it in the indentation. As she did, a wave of energy washed over her. She felt a sense of peace, a feeling of connection to the island and its history.\n\nThe whispers of Oia were no longer just whispers. They were a song, a celebration of resilience, a testament to the enduring power of the human spirit. Eleni, the young woman who had listened, had become a part of the story, a guardian of the island's secrets, forever bound to the whispers of Santorini. She knew her purpose now: to protect the island's history and share its stories with the world, ensuring that the whispers of Oia would never be silenced.\n", "message": "It is recommended to store the prompt engine and execute it using the ID rather than running it directly for the best performance and reliability. Learn more: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/prompt-engine/create", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 67, "output_tokens": 1053, "inference_time_tokens": 6718, "total_tokens": 7838 } } ``` # Upload Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/store/file/add POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file Upload images, videos and documents effortlessly. Maximum file size is 100MB. File content type e.g image/png, image/jpeg, video/mov, video/mp4 ### Body The blob file to upload. ### Query The key to store the file. We recommend you include the file extension in the key. E.g `image-key.png`. If not provided, the file will be stored with a random key. Overwrite the file if key already exists. Provides a temporary public URL valid for 10 minutes, if set to true. See complete guide on File Storage [here](/docs/examples/file-upload) ### Response Key used in storing the file. Url used in accessing the file. Size of the uploaded file in bytes. Temporary public URL valid for 7 days. Only present if temp\_public\_url is set to true. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); const imageFetch = await fetch("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg"); const blob = await imageFetch.blob(); const response = await jigsaw.store.upload(blob, { key: "test-key", overwrite: true, }); ``` ```python Python theme={null} import requests from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") image_response = requests.get("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg") blob = image_response.content response = jigsaw.store.upload(blob, { "key": "test-key", "overwrite": True }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} # First download the image curl -o temp_image.jpg https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg # Upload the image file curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file \ -X POST \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -F 'file=@temp_image.jpg' \ -F 'body={"key":"test-key","overwrite":true}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} imageResponse = client.send(imageRequest, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofByteArray()); byte[] imageData = imageResponse.body(); // Create temporary file Path tempFile = Files.createTempFile("upload", ".jpg"); Files.write(tempFile, imageData, StandardOpenOption.WRITE); // Create multipart form data String boundary = "----formdata-boundary-" + System.currentTimeMillis(); String multipartData = "--" + boundary + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"test-image.jpg\"\r\n" + "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n\r\n" + new String(imageData) + "\r\n" + "--" + boundary + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"key\"\r\n\r\n" + "test-key\r\n" + "--" + boundary + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"overwrite\"\r\n\r\n" + "true\r\n" + "--" + boundary + "--\r\n"; HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file")) .POST(HttpRequest.BodyPublishers.ofString(multipartData)) .setHeader("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + boundary) .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation // Fetch the image let imageURL = URL(string: "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg")! let imageData = try! Data(contentsOf: imageURL) // Create multipart form data let boundary = "----formdata-boundary-\(Int(Date().timeIntervalSince1970))" var body = Data() body.append("--\(boundary)\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file\"; filename=\"test-image.jpg\"\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append(imageData) body.append("\r\n--\(boundary)\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"key\"\r\n\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("test-key\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("--\(boundary)\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"overwrite\"\r\n\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("true\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) body.append("--\(boundary)--\r\n".data(using: .utf8)!) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file")! var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.setValue("multipart/form-data; boundary=\(boundary)", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") request.setValue("your-api-key", forHTTPHeaderField: "x-api-key") request.httpBody = body let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'dart:io'; import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { // Fetch the image final imageResponse = await http.get(Uri.parse('https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg')); final imageBytes = imageResponse.bodyBytes; // Create multipart request final request = http.MultipartRequest( 'POST', Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file'), ); request.headers['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key'; request.files.add(http.MultipartFile.fromBytes( 'file', imageBytes, filename: 'test-image.jpg', )); request.fields['key'] = 'test-key'; request.fields['overwrite'] = 'true'; final response = await request.send(); final responseBody = await response.stream.bytesToString(); print(responseBody); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import okhttp3.* import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import java.io.IOException // Fetch the image val client = OkHttpClient() val imageRequest = Request.Builder() .url("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg") .build() val imageResponse = client.newCall(imageRequest).execute() val imageBytes = imageResponse.body!!.bytes() // Create multipart form data val requestBody = MultipartBody.Builder() .setType(MultipartBody.FORM) .addFormDataPart( "file", "test-image.jpg", RequestBody.create("image/jpeg".toMediaType(), imageBytes) ) .addFormDataPart("key", "test-key") .addFormDataPart("overwrite", "true") .build() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file") .post(requestBody) .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http; using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Text.Json; using System.Text; // Fetch the image using HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); byte[] imageBytes = await client.GetByteArrayAsync("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg"); // Create multipart form data using MultipartFormDataContent content = new MultipartFormDataContent(); // Add the file using ByteArrayContent imageContent = new ByteArrayContent(imageBytes); imageContent.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("image/jpeg"); imageContent.Headers.ContentDisposition = new ContentDispositionHeaderValue("form-data") { Name = "\"file\"", FileName = "\"test-image.jpg\"" }; content.Add(imageContent); // Add the body JSON var bodyObject = new { key = "test-key", overwrite = true }; string bodyJson = JsonSerializer.Serialize(bodyObject); byte[] bodyBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(bodyJson); using ByteArrayContent bodyContent = new ByteArrayContent(bodyBytes); bodyContent.Headers.ContentDisposition = new ContentDispositionHeaderValue("form-data") { Name = "\"body\"" }; content.Add(bodyContent); // Create request using HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = content; using HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); // Check response and display error details if any if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode) { string errorBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine($"Error {response.StatusCode}: {errorBody}"); return; } string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json theme={null} { "key": "test-key", "url": "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/1234", "size": 1024, } ``` # Delete Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/store/file/delete DELETE https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/{key} Delete a file. ### Path The key of the file to be deleted. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.store.delete({ "key": "image-123.png" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.store.delete({ "key": "image-123.png" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png \ -X DELETE \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'image-123.png', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Delete.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} req, err := http.NewRequest("DELETE", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png", nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png")) .DELETE() .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "DELETE" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'key': 'image-123.png', }; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png') .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.delete(url, headers: headers); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.delete error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png") .delete("".toRequestBody()) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Delete, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { key = "image-123.png" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` # Retrieve Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/store/file/get GET https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/{key} Retrieve a file. ### Path The key of the file to be retrieved. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. The message returned by the API. The accessible URL of the file. The key of the file. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.store.get({ "key": "image-123.png" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.store.get({ "key": "image-123.png" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png \ -X GET \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'image-123.png', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png", nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png")) .GET() .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'key': 'image-123.png', }; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png') .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.get(url, headers: headers); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.get error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request val client = OkHttpClient() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png") .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` # NSFW Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/validate/nsfw POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw Quickly detect nudity, violence, hentai, porn and more NSFW content in images. ### Body The image url. The key used to store the image on Jigsawstack file. Learn more about how to handle files in Jigsawstack's [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) section. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Indicates whether NSFW content was detected in the image. Indicates whether nudity was detected in the image. Indicates whether gore/violence was detected in the image. Confidence score for NSFW content detection (0-1 scale). Confidence score for nudity detection (0-1 scale). Confidence score for gore/violence detection (0-1 scale). ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.nsfw({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.validate.nsfw({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/nsfw"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "nsfw": false, "nudity": false, "gore": false, "nsfw_score": 0.8223792436143141, "nudity_score": 0.08542560786008835, "gore_score": 0.0015945120248943567, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 15, "output_tokens": 60, "inference_time_tokens": 275, "total_tokens": 350 } } ``` # Profanity Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/validate/profanity POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity Check any text for profanity. ### Params The text to validate. The character to replace profanity with. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The message returned by the API. The text with profanity replaced by the censor\_replacement character. An array of profanities found in the text. The profane word that was detected. The starting position of the profanity in the original text. The ending position of the profanity in the original text. Returns True if profanity is found in the sentence ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.profanity({ "text": "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language." }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.validate.profanity({ "text": "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language." }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":"This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language."}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language.' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"text":"This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language."}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"text\":\"This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language.\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "text": "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language." ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":"This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language."}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":\"This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language.\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/profanity"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language." }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "profanities_found": false, "profanities": [], "clean_text": "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language.", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 20, "output_tokens": 35, "inference_time_tokens": 114, "total_tokens": 169 } } ``` # Spam Check Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/validate/spam-check POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spam_check Perform spam check analysis on a given text in seconds. ### Body The text to check for spam. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request When text is a string, returns an object. When text is an array, returns an array of objects. Indicates whether the text is spam. If the text is not spam, this will be false. The spam score of the text. The lower the score, the less likely it will be spam. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.spamcheck({ "text": "Congratulations! You've won a free iPhone! Click here to claim now!" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.validate.spamcheck({ "text": "Congratulations! You've won a free iPhone! Click here to claim now!" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spam_check \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":"Congratulations! You\'ve won a free iPhone! Click here to claim now!"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spam_check")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = "{\"text\":\"Congratulations! You\\ve".data(using: .utf8) let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":"Congratulations! You\\ve'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spam_check'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":\"Congratulations! You\\ve" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spam_check") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spam_check"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = "Congratulations! You've won a free iPhone! Click here to claim now!" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "check": { "score": 0.95, "is_spam": true }, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 20, "output_tokens": 14, "inference_time_tokens": 509, "total_tokens": 543 } } ``` # Spell Check Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/validate/spell-check POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check Check and correct spelling errors in a text. ### Params The text to check. The language code of the target language to translate to. All supported language codes can be found [here](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Whether any misspellings were found in the text. Array of misspelling objects found in the text. The misspelled word found in the text. The starting index position of the misspelled word in the text. The ending index position of the misspelled word in the text. Array of suggested correct spellings for the misspelled word. Whether the word was automatically corrected. The auto corrected text. If no misspellings were found, the original text is returned. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.spellcheck({ "text": "This sentense has a speling mistake." }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.validate.spellcheck({ "text": "This sentense has a speling mistake." }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"text":"This sentense has a speling mistake."}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'This sentense has a speling mistake.' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"text":"This sentense has a speling mistake."}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"text\":\"This sentense has a speling mistake.\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "text": "This sentense has a speling mistake." ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"text":"This sentense has a speling mistake."}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"text\":\"This sentense has a speling mistake.\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/validate/spell_check"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { text = "This sentense has a speling mistake." }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "misspellings_found": true, "misspellings": [ { "word": "sentense", "startIndex": 5, "endIndex": 13, "expected": [ "sentence" ], "auto_corrected": true }, { "word": "speling", "startIndex": 20, "endIndex": 27, "expected": [ "spelling", "spewing", "spieling" ], "auto_corrected": true } ], "auto_correct_text": "This sentence has a spelling mistake.", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 13, "output_tokens": 83, "inference_time_tokens": 1095, "total_tokens": 1191 } } ``` # AI Search Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/web/ai-search POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search Effortlessly search the Web and get access to high-quality results powered with AI. ### Body The search value. The maximum query character length is 400. Include AI powered overview in the search results Include offensive results in the search results
  • `moderate`
  • `strict`
  • `off`
Spell check the search query. Return results from the specified URLs. Country Code ( Example - "BEN" ) Allow auto scraping of urls, defaults to true. Number of maximum results to return, excluding byo\_urls. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The search query that was processed. AI-powered overview of the search results (when ai\_overview is enabled). Indicates whether the search query was spell-corrected. Indicates whether the search results are considered safe based on safe\_search settings. Array of search result objects. The title of the search result. The URL of the search result. Brief description of the search result. The content of the result, as plain text or structured object. The text content of the result. Array of image URLs found in the content. Array of links found in the content. Indicates whether this specific result is considered safe. The name of the website. The full/long name of the website. The age/freshness of the content. The language of the content. URL to the website's favicon. Array of relevant text snippets from the result. Array of related search indices. The title of the related search result. The URL of the related search result. Brief description of the related search result. Indicates whether this related result is considered safe. Array of image URLs found in the search results. Array of links found in the search results. Array of geographic/location-based search results. The type of geographic result. Complete address of the location. Name of the location. Preferred name for the location. Formatted place name. Postal/ZIP code of the location. District of the location. Place/city name. Region information (excluding mapbox\_id). Country information (excluding mapbox\_id). Language of the location data. GeoJSON Point object with "type": "Point" and "coordinates" array containing \[longitude, latitude]. The type of GeoJSON object. Always "Point" for location coordinates. Array containing \[longitude, latitude] coordinates for the location. Point of interest category. Additional properties for the location. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.search({ "query": "What is the capital of France?" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.web.search({ "query": "What is the capital of France?" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'What is the capital of France?' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"query\":\"What is the capital of France?\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "query": "What is the capital of France?" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"query":"What is the capital of France?"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"query\":\"What is the capital of France?\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { query = "What is the capital of France?" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "query": "capital of France", "ai_overview": "Paris is the capital of France. Other cities that have served as the capital throughout history include:\n\n* Tournai (before 486)\n* Soissons (486–936)\n* Laon (936–987)\n* Orléans (1108)\n* Troyes (1419–1422)\n* Bourges (1422–1444)\n* Tours (1444–1527 and 1589-1594)\n* Versailles (1682–1789)\n* Bordeaux (September 1914 and June 1940)\n* Clermont-Ferrand (June 29, 1940)\n* Vichy (1940–1944)\n* Brazzaville (1940–1943)\n* Algiers (1943–1944)", "spell_fixed": false, "is_safe": true, "results": [ { "title": "Paris - Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris", "description": "Paris is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated population of 2,048,472 in January 2025 in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi). It is located in the centre of the Île-de-France region. Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union.", "content": "Paris\nEtymology History Geography Administration Cityscape Demographics Economy Culture Sports Infrastructure International relations See also Notes References Further reading External links\nOrigins High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV 18th and 19th centuries 20th and 21st centuries City government Métropole du Grand Paris Regional government National government Police force Urbanism and architecture Housing Suburbs Migration Religion Employment and income Tourism Painting and sculpture Museums Theatre Literature Music Cinema Restaurants and cuisine Fashion Photography Media Holidays and festivals Libraries Transport Electricity Water and sanitation Parks and gardens Cemeteries Education Healthcare International organisations Twin towns – sister cities Other relationships Citations Sources\nWalking Railways Air Motorways Waterways Cycling\nParis[a] is the capital and largest city of France, with an estimated population of 2,048,472 in January 2025[update][3] in an area of more than 105 km2 (41 sq mi). It is located in the centre of the Île-de-France region. Paris is the fourth-most populous city in the European Union. Nicknamed the City of Light, Paris has been one of the world's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, culture, fashion, and gastronomy since the 17th century. Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by three international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly Airport, and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems[4] and is one of only two cities in the world that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice. Paris is known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Musée d'Orsay, Musée Marmottan Monet, and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art. The Pompidou Centre, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art.[citation needed] Part of the city along the Seine has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991[update]. Paris is home to several United Nations organisations, including UNESCO, as well as other international organisations such as the OECD, the OECD Development Centre, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Energy Agency, the International Federation for Human Rights, along with European bodies such as the European Space Agency, the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The city hosts different sporting events, such as the French Open, and is the home of the association football club Paris St-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français; it hosted the Summer Olympics three times. The ancient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as Lutetia Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii') and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265.[5][6] During the Roman period, it was commonly known as Lutetia in Latin, which is interpreted as either stemming from the Celtic root *lukot- ('mouse'), or from *luto- ('marsh, swamp').[7][8][6] The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period.[9] The meaning of the Gaulish ethnonym remains debated. According to Xavier Delamarre, it may derive from the Celtic root pario- ('cauldron').[9]Alfred Holder interpreted the name as 'the makers' or 'the commanders', by comparing it to the Welshperyff ('lord, commander'), both possibly descending from a Proto-Celtic form reconstructed as *kwar-is-io-.[10] Alternatively, Pierre-Yves Lambert proposed to translate Parisii as the 'spear people', by connecting the first element to the Old Irishcarr ('spear'), derived from an earlier *kwar-sā.[6] Residents of the city are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens ([paʁizjɛ̃]ⓘ). They are also pejoratively called Parigots ([paʁiɡo]ⓘ).[11] The Parisii people inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC.[12][13] One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the Île de la Cité, which gradually became an important trading centre.[14] The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins.[15] Julius Caesarconquered the Paris Basin for the Roman Republic in 52 BC and began the Roman settlement on Paris's Left Bank.[16] The Roman town was originally called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, \"Lutetia of the Parisii\", modern French Lutèce). It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.[17] By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French.[18]Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin \"Hill of Martyrs\"), later \"Montmartre\", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.[19] Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508.[20] As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris, and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845. Still, Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia.[21] From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.[19] By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.[22]Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, started the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral in 1163, and was completed after 182 years.[23] After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in[clarification needed] from around the 10th century,[24] Paris's cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. In 1137, a new city marketplace (today's Les Halles) replaced the two smaller ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville).[25] The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris's river trade corporation. This organisation later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris's first municipal government. In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190 and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.[26] In 1190, he transformed Paris's former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the University of Paris and would draw students from all of Europe.[27][22] With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants.[28] By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for \"shit\".[29] During the Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420;[30] despite a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city,[31] it would remain under English occupation until 1436. In the late 16th century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in which thousands of French Protestants were killed.[32][33] The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne Henry IV, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown of France. This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris's first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. Despite Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris's streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in 1610.[34] During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. He built five new bridges, a new chapel for the College of Sorbonne, and a palace for himself, the Palais-Cardinal. After Richelieu died in 1642, it was renamed the Palais-Royal.[35] Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences. To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards.[36] Other marks of his reign were the Collège des Quatre-Nations, the Place Vendôme, the Place des Victoires, and Les Invalides.[37] Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.[38] A new boulevard named the Champs-Élysées extended the city west to Étoile,[39] while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern side of the city grew increasingly crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.[40] Paris's role in education and sciences led Paris to be known as the City of Light during the age of Enlightenment in the 18th century.[41][b] In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalides, acquiring thousands of guns, with which it stormed the Bastille, a principal symbol of royal authority. The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and elected a Mayor, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, on 15 July.[42] Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and incarcerated in the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned increasingly radical, the king, queen, and mayor were beheaded by guillotine in the Reign of Terror, along with more than 16,000 others throughout France.[43] The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold, or demolished.[44] A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoleon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.[45] The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but after 1799 it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000 by 1815.[46] Napoleon replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect who reported directly to him. He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the Canal de l'Ourcq, Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city's first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.[46] During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought to power a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I. The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city.[46] In 1848, Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris. His successor, Napoleon III, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a huge public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.[47] In 1860, Napoleon III annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.[47] During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. Following several months of blockade, hunger, and then bombardment by the Prussians, the city was forced to surrender on 28 January 1871. After seizing power in Paris on 28 March, a revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune held power for two months, before being harshly suppressed by the French army during the \"Bloody Week\" at the end of May 1871.[48] In the late 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, which featured the new Eiffel Tower, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution; and the 1900 Universal Exposition gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line.[49] Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir).[50] By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.[51] At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world, including Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. It was the birthplace of Fauvism, Cubism and abstract art,[52][53] and authors such as Marcel Proust were exploring new approaches to literature.[54] During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns.[55] In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Sidney Bechet[56] and Salvador Dalí.[57] In the years after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from French colonies and other Asian and African countries, who later became leaders of their countries, such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai and Léopold Sédar Senghor.[58] On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an \"open city\".[59] On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv, from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back.[60][61] On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.[62] Paris became involved Algerian War for independence, which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN, targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed. The anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS) carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.[63][64] In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter. Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike. Supporters of the government won the June elections by a large majority. The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.[65] In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793.[66] The Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the tallest building in the city at 57 storeys and 210 m (689 ft) high, was built between 1969 and 1973. It was highly controversial, and it remains the only building in the centre of the city over 32 storeys high.[67] The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.[68] A suburban railway network, the RER (Réseau Express Régional), was built to complement the Métro; the Périphérique expressway encircling the city was completed in 1973.[69] The bank of the Seine in the city centre, which includes the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.[70] Most of the postwar presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand had the Opéra Bastille built (1985–1989), the new site of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985–1989) in La Défense, as well as the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983–1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.[71] In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor; he was re-elected in March 2008.[72] Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the Left Bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.[73] In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.[74] The City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express four years later, totalling 205 km (127 mi) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.[75] The system is scheduled to be completed by 2030.[76] A series of attacks occurred in the Paris region, especially in Paris, in January 2015, the most serious being the shooting at the offices of Charlie Hebdo. 17 people died in the attacks, which Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed responsibility.[77][78]1.5 million people marched in Paris in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech.[79]Terrorist attacks, claimed by ISIL,[80] occurred again in November, which killed 130 people and injured more than 350.[81] In an aim to limit the effects of climate change below 2 °C, the Paris Agreement was signed by 196 nations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on 22 April 2016 in Paris.[82] The following year, billionaire François Pinault received a 50‑year lease to convert the historic Bourse de Commerce into a contemporary art museum, overseen by Japanese architect Tadao Ando.[83] Construction was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, reopening in May 2021.[84] The Notre Dame Cathedral caught fire on 15 April 2019, beginning in the eaves of its roof,[85] engulfing the spire and most of the roof. Firefighters were able to control the blaze, saving the main structure including the bell towers and rose windows, and there were no injuries;[85]it was reopened on 7 December 2024.[86] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2024, Paris was one of eight cities worldwide that was classified as an \"Alpha+\" city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[87][relevant?] Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine, whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of Paris. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream from Paris. Paris is spread widely on both banks of the river.[88] Overall, Paris is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft).[89] Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique.[90] Paris's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 gave it its modern form, and created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi).[91] The metropolitan area is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).[88] Paris has an Köppen climate classification of CfB, or an oceanic climate,[92] typical of western Europe.[93] This climate type features mild humidity, and warm but mild, with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F).[94][95] Each year there are a few days when the temperature rises above 32 °C (90 °F). Longer periods of more intense heat sometimes occur, such as the heat wave of 2003, when temperatures exceeded 30 °C (86 °F) for weeks, reached 40 °C (104 °F) on some days, and rarely cooled down at night.[96] The weather in spring and autumn is generally mild during the day and cool at night, but is unstable.[97] In winter, sunshine is scarce, days are cool, and nights are cold but generally above freezing, with low temperatures around 3 °C (37 °F).[98] Light night frosts are quite common, but the temperature seldom dips below −5 °C (23 °F). Paris sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation.[99] In summer, the weather is warm, averaging 22 °C (72 °F), and there is 8 hours of sunshine on average per day.[100] Paris has an average annual precipitation of 641 mm (25.2 in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. Paris is known for intermittent, abrupt, heavy showers. As of 2025,[update] the highest recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F), on 25 July 2019.[101] The lowest was −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F), on 10 December 1879.[102] For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. In 1974, Paris was granted municipal autonomy by the National Assembly.[106] The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected in March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794. The current mayor is Anne Hidalgo, a socialist, first elected in April 2014,[107] and re-elected in June 2020.[108] The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters. The voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), which elects the mayor. The council is composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement is allocated many seats, dependent upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements to 34 members for the most populated. The council is elected using closed listproportional representation in a two-round system.[109] Party lists winning an absolute majority in the first round – or at least a plurality in the second round – automatically win half the seats of an arrondissement. The remaining half of the seats are distributed proportionally to all lists which win at least 5% of the vote, using the highest averages method.[109] This ensures that the winning party or coalition always wins a majority of the seats, even if they do not win an absolute majority of the vote.[110] Before the 2020 Paris municipal election, each of Paris's 20 arrondissements had its own town hall and a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which elects an arrondissement mayor.[111] The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris, and members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. The number of deputy mayors in each arrondissement varies depending on its population. As of 1996, there were 20 arrondissement mayors and 120 deputy mayors.[106] The creation of Paris Centre, a unified administrative division with a single mayor covering the first four arrondissements, took effect with the said 2020 election. The other 16 arrondissements continue to have their own mayors.[112] In January 2016, the Métropole du Grand Paris, or simply Grand Paris, came into existence.[113] It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 km2 (314 sq mi). In 2015, it had a population of 6.945 million people.[114][115] The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020, its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment.[113][115] In January 2016, Patrick Ollier was elected the first president of the metropolitan council. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.[116] The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, composed of 209 members representing its different communes. In December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. The regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.[117] As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The President of the French Republic resides at the Élysée Palace.[118] The Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon.[119][120] Government ministries are located in various parts of the city, many near the Hôtel Matignon.[121] Both houses of the French Parliament are located on the Rive Gauche. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg. The more important lower house, the National Assembly, meets in the Palais Bourbon. The President of the Senate, the second-highest public official in France, with the President of the Republic being the sole superior, resides in the Petit Luxembourg, a smaller palace annexe to the Palais du Luxembourg.[122] France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité.[123] The Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement.[124] The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.[125] Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations, including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau, and the International Federation for Human Rights. The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. Its headquarters is on Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité.[126] There are 43,800 officers under the prefecture, and a fleet of more than 6,000 vehicles, including police cars, motorcycles, fire trucks, boats, and helicopters.[126] The national police has its own special unit for riot control and crowd control, and security of public buildings, called the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS). Vans of CRS agents are frequently seen in the centre of Paris when there are demonstrations and public events. The police are supported by the National Gendarmerie, a branch of the French Armed Forces. Their police operations are supervised by the Ministry of the Interior.[127] Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. Violent crime is relatively rare in the city centre. Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. These demonstrations, usually managed by a strong police presence, can turn confrontational and escalate into violence.[128] Paris is one of the few world capitals that has rarely seen destruction by catastrophe or war. As a result, even its earliest history is visible in its street map, and centuries of rulers adding their respective architectural marks on the capital have resulted in an accumulated wealth of history-rich monuments and buildings whose beauty plays a large part in giving Paris the reputation it has today.[129] At its origin, before the Middle Ages, Paris was composed of several islands and sandbanks in a bend of the Seine. Of those, two remain today: Île Saint-Louis and the Île de la Cité. A third one is the 1827 artificially created Île aux Cygnes. Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey \"Paris stone\". They built the major parks around central Paris.[130] The high residential population of the city centre makes Paris much different from most other major western cities.[131] Paris's urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,[132] particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned.[132] The 210 m (690 ft) Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,[133] Since 2011, this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie. In 2018, the most expensive residential street in Paris by average price per square metre was Avenue Montaigne, at 22,372 euros per square metre.[134] In 2011, the number of residences in the City of Paris was 1,356,074. Among these, 1,165,541 (85.9 percent) were main residences, 91,835 (6.8 percent) were secondary residences, and the remaining 7.3 percent were empty.[135] Sixty-two percent of buildings date from 1949 and before, with 20 percent built between 1949 and 1974. 18 percent of Paris buildings were built after 1974.[136] Two-thirds of the city's 1.3 million residences are studio and two-room apartments. Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, which is less than Île-de-France's 2.33 people-per-residence average. Only 33 percent of Parisian principal residents own their habitation, against 47 percent for the wider Île-de-France region. Most of Paris's population rents their residence.[136] In 2017, social or public housing was 19.9 percent of Paris's residences. Its distribution varies widely throughout Paris, from 2.6 percent of the housing in the wealthy 7th arrondissement to 39.9 percent in the 19th arrondissement.[137] In February 2019, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. More than half had been homeless for more than a year. 2,885 were living in the streets or parks, 298 in train and metro stations, and 756 in other forms of temporary shelter. This was an increase of 588 persons since 2018.[138] Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes, and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent \"District de la région parisienne\" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed \"Île-de-France\" in 1977, but this abbreviated \"Paris region\" name is still commonly used today to describe the Île-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.[139] Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began in January 2016, when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.[113] Paris's disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961.[140] Two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban \"villes nouvelles\" (\"new cities\")[141] and the RER commuter train network.[142] Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population.[143] These districts were socially mixed at first,[144] but few residents actually owned their homes. The growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s.[145] Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere, and their repopulation by those with more limited resources.[145] These areas, quartiers sensibles (\"sensitive quarters\"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of Paris, they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denisdepartment, and to a lesser extent, to the east in the Val-d'Oisedepartment. Other difficult areas are located in the Seine valley, in Évry et Corbeil-Essonnes (Essonne), in Mureaux, Mantes-la-Jolie (Yvelines), and scattered among social housing districts created by Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative.[146] The Paris agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th-century Paris: the wealthy live in the west and southwest, and the middle-to-working classes are in the north and east. The remaining areas are mostly middle-class, dotted with wealthy islands in areas of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossés to the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north of Paris.[147] The population of the City of Paris was 2,102,650 in January 2023, down from 2,165,423 in January 2022, according to the INSEE, the French statistical agency. Between 2013 and 2023, the population fell by 122,919, or about five percent. The Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, declared that this illustrated the \"de-densification\" of the city, creating more green space and less crowding.[150][151] Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks.[152] This drop was attributed partly to a lower birth rate, the departure of middle-class residents, and the possible loss of housing in Paris, due to short-term rentals for tourism.[153] Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, after Berlin, Madrid and Rome, and is the 34th most densely populated city in the world as of 2020[update].[154]Eurostat places Paris (6.5 million people) behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls \"urban audit core cities\".[155] The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921.[156] The principal reasons are a significant decline in household size and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. Paris's population loss came to a temporary halt at the beginning of the 21st century. The population increased from 2,125,246 in 1999 to 2,240,621 in 2012, before declining again slightly in 2017, 2018, and again in 2021.[157][158] Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomération Parisienne, and statistically as a unité urbaine (a measure of urban area), the Paris agglomeration's population of 10,785,092 in 2017 made it the largest urban area in the European Union.[159][160] City-influenced commuter activity reaches further, in a statistical aire d'attraction de Paris, \"functional area\", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area,[161]), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017,[162] 19.6% of the population of France,[163] and the largest metropolitan area in the Eurozone.[160] In 2012, according to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union. There were 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits, the NUTS-3 statistical area, ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. In the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU.[164][verification needed] Under French law, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth are defined as immigrants. In the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia outside Turkey, 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific.[165] In the Paris Region, 590,504 residents were immigrants from Europe, 627,078 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 435,339 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 69,338 from Turkey, 322,330 from Asia outside Turkey, 113,363 from the Americas, and 2,261 from the South Pacific.[166] In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris), and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (Île-de-France).[167][168] In 2020–2021, about 6 million people, or 41% of the population of the Paris Region, were either immigrants (21%) or had at least one immigrant parent (20%). These figures do not include French people born in Overseas France and their direct descendants.[169] At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest Catholic city in the world.[170] French census data does not contain information about religious affiliation.[171] In a 2011 survey by the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), a French public opinion research organisation, 61 percent of residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France) identified themselves as Roman Catholic. In the same survey, 7 percent of residents identified themselves as Muslims, 4 percent as Protestants, 2 percent as Jewish, and 25 percent as without religion. According to the INSEE, between 4 and 5 million French residents were born, or had at least one parent born, in a predominantly Muslim country, particularly Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. An IFOP survey in 2008 reported that, of immigrants from these predominantly Muslim countries, 25 percent went to the mosque regularly. 41 percent practised the religion, and 34 percent were believers, but did not practice the religion.[172][173] In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the Île-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France.[174][175] In 2014, the Jewish population of the Paris Region was estimated to be 282,000, the largest concentration of Jews in the world outside of Israel and the United States.[176] The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce. Of the 390,480 enterprises in Paris, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and 3.8 percent in industry.[180] The story is similar in the Paris Region (Île-de-France): 76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry.[181] At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.[182][183] The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires. In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the central business district were finance and insurance (16 percent of employees in the district) and business services (15 percent). The district includes a large concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants, as well a government offices and ministries.[184] The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city. In 2010, it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Défense. Another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a centre of activity for the media and information technology.[184] In 2021, the top French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region. Six are in the central business district of the City of Paris, four are close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three are in La Défense, and one is in Boulogne-Billancourt. Some companies, like Société Générale, have offices in both Paris and La Défense. The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a GDP of €765 billion, of which €253 billion was in Paris city.[185] In 2021, its GDP ranked first among the metropolitan regions of the EU, and its per-capita GDP PPP was the 8th highest.[186][187][188] While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2019,[3] the Paris region's GDP accounted for 32 percent of metropolitan France's GDP.[189][190] The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).[191] The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense business district places Paris's economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine.[191] While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and \"eco\" industries.[191] In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe.[192] In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong.[193]Station F is a business incubator for startups, noted as the world's largest startup facility.[194] In 2022, Paris was the city with the ninth-highest cost of living in the world.[195] In 2007, the majority of Paris's salaried employees filled 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements.[196] Paris's financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district.[196] Paris's department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th, and 9th arrondissements employs ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these in the retail trade.[196] Fourteen percent of Parisians worked in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals.[196] Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either administration or education. The majority of Paris's healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing, concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th, and 20th arrondissements.[196] Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance, and scientific research, employs 144,600.[191] The north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.[191] Paris's manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs. Paris has around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of whom are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades.[191] In 2015, the Paris region's 800 aerospace companies employed 100,000.[191] Four hundred automobile industry companies employ another 100,000 workers. Many of these are centred in the Yvelines department, around the Renault and PSA-Citroën plants. This department alone employs 33,000.[191] In 2014, the industry as a whole suffered a major loss, with the closing of a major Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroën assembly plant.[191] The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology.[191] The south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages.[191] The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries. These employ about 100,000 workers.[191] Incomes are higher in the Western part of Paris and in the western suburbs, than in the northern and eastern parts of the urban area.[197] While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in Paris earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line. In Paris's wealthiest neighbourhood, the 7th arrondissement, 7 percent lived below the poverty line.[198] The unemployment rate in Paris in the 4th trimester of 2021 was six percent, compared with 7.4 percent in the whole of France. This was the lowest rate in thirteen years.[199][200] As of 2024, Paris was considered the most attractive city in the world for 4 years in a row, by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index. However, by the number of tourists coming from other countries, it was only in 9th place.[201] Tourism continued to recover in the Paris region in 2022, increasing to 44 million visitors, an increase of 95 percent over 2021, but still 13 percent lower than in 2019.[202] Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received a record 38 million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel arrivals.[203] These included 12.2 million French visitors. Of the foreign visitors, the greatest number came from the United States (2.6 million), the United Kingdom (1.2 million), Germany (981 thousand), and China (711 thousand).[203] In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million).[204] In 2016, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4 percent of the total workforce, were engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure.[205] Paris's top cultural attractions in 2022 were the Louvre Museum (7.7 million visitors), the Eiffel Tower (5.8 million visitors), the Musée d'Orsay (3.27 million visitors) and the Centre Pompidou (3 million visitors).[202] In 2019, Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms.[203] In 2019, in addition to the hotels, Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with Airbnb.[203] Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. The company paid the city government 7.3 million euros in 2016.[206] A minuscule fraction of foreign visitors suffer from Paris syndrome, when their experiences do not meet expectations.[207] For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world. As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the \"City of Art\".[208] Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. Painting and sculpture became the pride of the French monarchy, and the French royal family commissioned many Parisian artists to adorn their palaces during the French Baroque and Classicism era. Sculptors such as Girardon, Coysevox, and Coustou acquired reputations as the finest artists in the royal court in 17th-century France. Pierre Mignard became the first painter to King Louis XIV during this period. In 1648, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) was established to accommodate the dramatic interest in art in the capital. This served as France's top art school until 1793.[209] Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Géricault.[209]Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris.[209] In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves.[210] Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris. The most prestigious sculptors who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era are Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Statue of Liberty), Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro) and Aristide Maillol. The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars. The Louvre received 2.8 million visitors in 2021, up from 2.7 million in 2020,[211] holding its position as first among the most-visited museums. Its treasures include the Mona Lisa (La Joconde), the Venus de Milo statue, and Liberty Leading the People. The second-most visited museum in the city in 2021, with 1.5 million visitors, was the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, which houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne The third most visited Paris museum in 2021 was the National Museum of Natural History with 1,4 million visitors. It is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. It was followed by the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th-century art and the French Impressionists, which had one million visitors. Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des sciences et de l'industrie (984,000 visitors in 2020), and one of the oldest, the Musée des Arts et Métiers (opened in 1794). The other most-visited Paris museums in 2021 were the Fondation Louis Vuitton (691,000), the Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, featuring the indigenous art and cultures of Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. (616,000); the Musée Carnavalet (History of Paris) (606,000), and the Petit Palais, the art museum of the City of Paris (518,000).[212] The Musée de l'Orangerie, near both the Louvre and the Orsay, also exhibits Impressionists and Post-Impressionists, including most of Claude Monet's large Water Lilies murals. The Musée national du Moyen Âge, or Cluny Museum, presents Medieval art. The Guimet Museum, or Musée national des arts asiatiques, has one of the largest collections of Asian art in Europe. There are also notable museums devoted to individual artists, including the Musée Picasso, the Musée Rodin, and the Musée national Eugène Delacroix. The military history of France is presented by displays at the Musée de l'Armée at Les Invalides. In addition to the national museums, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balzac and the Catacombs of Paris.[213] There are also notable private museums. The Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation, designed by architect Frank Gehry, opened in October 2014 in the Bois de Boulogne. The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier (historical Paris Opéra) and modern Opéra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.[214] In the middle of the 19th century, there were three other active and competing opera houses: the Opéra-Comique (which still exists), Théâtre-Italien and Théâtre Lyrique (which in modern times changed its profile and name to Théâtre de la Ville).[215]Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. Another musical landmark is the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, where the first performances of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes took place in 1913. Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture, and many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comédie-Française, founded in 1680. Run by the Government of France, it performs mostly French classics at the Salle Richelieu in the Palais-Royal.[216] Other famous theatres include the Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe, also a state institution and theatrical landmark; the Théâtre Mogador; and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse.[217] The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. The Moulin Rouge was opened in 1889 and became the birthplace of the dance known as the French Cancan. It helped make famous the singers Mistinguett and Édith Piaf and the painter Toulouse-Lautrec, who made posters for the venue. In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a setting for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergère. Its stars in the 1920s included the American singer and dancer Josephine Baker. Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland and the Grateful Dead. The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-Élysées, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance, and magic, opened in 1951. A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city.[218] The first book printed in France, Epistolae (\"Letters\"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, Charles Perrault,[219] several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the Académie française.[220] In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons; it was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Pierre Beaumarchais. During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Mérimée, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honoré de Balzac. Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre-Dame inspired the renovation of its setting, the Notre-Dame de Paris.[221] Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Misérables, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s.[222] One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library.[223] In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. Between the wars, it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier, and Arturo Uslar Pietri. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s–1970s.[224] Paris is a city of books and bookstores. In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris.[225] It is also a city of small bookstores. There are about 150 bookstores in the 5th arrondissement alone, plus another 250 book stalls along the Seine. Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price.[226] In the late 12th century, a school of polyphony was established at Notre-Dame. Among the Trouvères of northern France, a group of Parisian aristocrats became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadours, from the south of France, were also popular. During the reign of François I, in the Renaissance era, the lute became popular in the French court. The French royal family and courtiers \"disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy\", and a national musical printing house was established.[209] In the Baroque-era, noted composers included Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin.[209] The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795.[227] By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet, and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Léo Delibes and Jules Massenet, among others.[209]Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently performed operas in the classical canon.[228][229] Among the Impressionist composers who created new works for piano, orchestra, opera, chamber music and other musical forms, stand in particular, Claude Debussy, Erik Satie and Maurice Ravel. Several foreign-born composers, such as Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Jacques Offenbach, Niccolò Paganini, and Igor Stravinsky, established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris. Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880, Paris had some 150 dance halls.[230] Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a \"musette\") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars,[231], and Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.[232] Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city.[231]Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris and performed with violinist Stéphane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot Club de France in the 1930s and 1940s.[233] Immediately after the War, the Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, including the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet, Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.[234] Some of the finest manouche musicians in the world are found here playing the cafés of the city at night.[233] Some of the more notable jazz venues include the New Morning, Le Sunset, La Chope des Puces and Bouquet du Nord.[232][233] Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine.[235] The Orchestre de Paris was established in 1967.[236] December 2015 was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piaf—widely regarded as France's national chanteuse and one of France's greatest international stars.[237] Paris has a big hip hop scene. This music became popular during the 1980s.[238] The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumière projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Café on 28 December 1895.[239] Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. Paris's largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats.[240] Big multiplex cinemas have been built since the 1990s. UGC Ciné Cité Les Halles, with 27 screens, MK2 Bibliothèque with 20 screens, and UGC Ciné Cité Bercy with 18 screens are among the largest.[241] Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, with cinemas primarily dominated by Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated.[242] Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. The restaurant Le Grand Véfour in the Palais-Royal dates from the same period.[243] The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Café de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Café Anglais, Maison Dorée and the Café Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens. Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle Époque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-Élysées, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle.[244] Today, owing to Paris's cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants.[245] The Michelin Guide has been a standard guide to French restaurants since 1900, awarding its highest award, three stars, to the best restaurants in France. In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. These include both restaurants which serve classical French cuisine, such as L'Ambroisie, and those which serve non-traditional menus, such as L'Astrance, which combines French and Asian cuisines. Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick Alléno, and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris.[246][247] Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. The café arrived in Paris in the 17th century, and by the 18th century, Parisian cafés were centres of the city's political and cultural life. The Café Procope on the Left Bank dates from this period. In the 20th century, the cafés of the Left Bank, especially Café de la Rotonde and Le Dôme Café in Montparnasse and Café de Flore and Les Deux Magots on Boulevard Saint Germain, all still in business, were important meeting places for painters, writers and philosophers.[244] A bistro is a type of eating place loosely defined as a neighbourhood restaurant with a modest decor and prices and a regular clientele, and a congenial atmosphere. Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition, and different eating habits of Parisian diners.[248] A brasserie originally was a tavern located next to a brewery, which served beer and food at any hour. Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867, it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage. Now, brasseries, like cafés, serve food and drinks throughout the day.[249] Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothing hand-made to order for private clients).[250] It is home to some of the largest fashion houses in the world, including Dior and Chanel, as well as many other well-known and more contemporary fashion designers, such as Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy, and Christian Lacroix. Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar.[251][252] Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Oréal as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermés, and Cartier.[253] Most of the major fashion designers have their showrooms along the Avenue Montaigne, between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine. The inventor Nicéphore Niépce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. In 1839, after the death of Niépce, Louis Daguerre patented the Daguerrotype, which became the most common form of photography until the 1860s.[209] The work of Étienne-Jules Marey in the 1880s contributed considerably to the development of modern photography. Photography came to occupy a central role in Parisian Surrealist activity, in the works of Man Ray and Maurice Tabard.[254][255] Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugène Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson.[209]Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, Eugène Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha.[209] Paris and its close suburbs are home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, l'Équipe (Boulogne-Billancourt) and L'Officiel des Spectacles.[257] France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry.[258]Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies, and is headquartered in Paris.[259]France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris.[260] France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.[261] The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt. France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital.[262]Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris's 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city.[263] Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.[264] Bastille Day, a celebration of the storming of the Bastille in 1789, the biggest festival in the city, is a military parade taking place every year on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées, from the Arc de Triomphe to Place de la Concorde. It includes a flypast over the Champs Élysées by the Patrouille de France, a parade of military units and equipment, and a display of fireworks in the evening, the most spectacular being the one at the Eiffel Tower.[265] Other yearly festivals include Paris-Plages, a festive summertime event when the Right Bank of the Seine is converted into a temporary beach;[265]Journées du Patrimoine, Fête de la Musique, Techno Parade, Nuit Blanche, Cinéma au clair de lune, Printemps des rues, Festival d'automne, and Fête des jardins. The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages. The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opéra Library, and Arsenal Library.[266] The Bibliothèque Forney, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. The Sainte-Geneviève Library, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, contains a rare book and manuscript division.[267]Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France. The Médiathèque Musicale Mahler opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The François Mitterrand Library (nicknamed Très Grande Bibliothèque) was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault and contains four glass towers.[267] There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Sorbonne Library is the largest university library in Paris. In addition to the Sorbonne location, there are branches in Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ibériques.[268] Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library.[269] Paris's major sports clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (PSG)[270] and the rugby union clubs Stade Français and Racing 92.[271] The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis.[272] It is used for football, rugby union, and track and field athletics. It hosts the France national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team.[272] The city and closer suburbs have several other professional and amateur football clubs, including Paris FC and Red Star FC.[273][274] Rugby league is not a popular sport in Paris compared to other areas of France. Despite this, the capital has hosted several major events in the sport's history since the country's first game, and exhibition match between the Australia national team and a British League Select XIII, in December 1933. The Rugby League World Cup was first held in 1954 with the Parc des Princes hosting the opening match and the final in which France finished as runners-up to Great Britain. The newly rebuilt Parc des Princes was later used for a group game of the 1972 Rugby League World Cup. A a rugby league department of PSG was created to participate in the Super League.[275] In 2006, Catalans Dragons became the first French side to enter the British rugby league system following PSG's withdrawal.[276] Paris is the second city to host the Summer Olympics three times, hosting the 1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics.[277] The city also bid for the 1992, 2008, and 2012 Olympic Games but lost to Barcelona, Beijing, and London respectively.[278][279][280] The city also hosted the finals of the 1938 FIFA World Cup, 1998 FIFA World Cup, 2007 Rugby World Cup and 2023 Rugby World Cup, at the Stade de France. Paris hosted as well as the finals of the 1960, 1984 and 2016 UEFA European Championships.[281] Paris held six UEFA Champions League finals, including the 2022 edition.[282] The final stage of the Tour de France finishes in Paris; since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées.[283] Two annual tennis torunaments are held in Paris: the French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Stade Roland Garros,[284], one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour, and the Paris Masters, held in the Bercy Arena.[285] Basketball teams Levallois SCB and Paris Basket Racing merged in 2007 to create club Metropolitans 92, which plays some of its games at the Stade Pierre de Coubertin.[286] Paris also features Paris Basketball in Basketball,[287]Paris Saint-Germain in handball[288] and Paris Musketeers in American football.[289] Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region.[290] The syndicate coordinates public transport. The RATP operates 347 bus lines, the Métro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The SNCF operates suburban rails, one tramway line, and other sections of the RER. The Optile consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.[291] Paris has one of the most sustainable transportation systems in the world,[4][292] and is one of only two cities that received the Sustainable Transport Award twice, in 2008 and 2023.[293] In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars.[294][295] Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.[296][297] The concept of the 15-minute city was created by Carlos Moreno (urbanist) a professor from Paris and began to be implemented by its mayor Anne Hidalgo.[298] Walking is the most popular mode of transportation in Paris, accounting for 53% of all trips in 2024.[299] In the Grand Paris metropolis, walking is also the most popular way of moving. The number of trips made by foot increased by 50% from the year 2000 to 2018.[300] Paris is considered a walkable city and tries to increase walkability more.[301][302] A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks: high-speed rail lines (TGV, Eurostar, Intercity Express, Frecciarossa), normal speed trains (Intercités, Intercités de nuit, Nightjet, TER), and the suburban rails (Transilien). The Transilien is the commuter rail network serving Paris region, through 9 lines, 392 stations and 1,294 km (804.1 mi) of rails. Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily.[303] There are 16 lines, 321 stations (405 stops) and 245.6 km (152.6 mi) of rails. Superimposed on this is a \"regional express network\", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops, and 602 km (374 mi) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day, RER A is the busiest metro line in Europe. The Paris region is served by a light rail network, the tramway. Opened since 1992, fifteen lines are operational. The network is 196.6 kilometres (122.2 mi) long, with 283 stations. Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the 5th busiest airport system in the world. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport, the third-busiest airport in Europe as of 2018[update],[305][306]Orly Airport and Beauvais–Tillé Airport. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers.[307] There is also one general aviation airport, Paris–Le Bourget Airport, historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.[308] In 2023, it was the 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic and it is the hub for the nation's flag carrier, Air France.[309] Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located 69 km (43 mi) north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers. Paris is the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Périphérique,[90] which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000 km (1,243 mi) of highways and motorways. The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the Ports of Paris, in facilities located around Paris. The rivers Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the Canal Saint-Martin, Canal Saint-Denis, and the Canal de l'Ourcq.[310] There are 440 km (270 mi) of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include piste cyclable, bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and bande cyclable, a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some 29 km (18 mi) of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles.[311] Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a bike sharing system called Vélib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.[312] Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the Île-de-France came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city with heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%), and a negligible amount of wind power.[313] A quarter of the city's district heating is to come from a plant in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, burning a 50/50-mix of coal and wood pellets.[314] Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.[315] From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.[316] From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today, Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground sewers.[317] Air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (PM10), is the highest in France with 38 μg/m3.[318] From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.[319] Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.[320] Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace and redone by André Le Nôtre between 1664 and 1672,[321] and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate.[322] The Jardin des plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.[323] Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.[324] Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), Parc de Bercy (1997) and Parc Clichy-Batignolles (2007).[325] One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), has floating gardens. During the Roman era, Paris's main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the left bank settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where almost every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.[326][327] After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.[328] Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Père Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière parisien de Pantin, also known as Cimetière parisien de Pantin-Bobigny, the Cimetière parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux.[329] Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include Oscar Wilde, Frédéric Chopin, Jim Morrison, Édith Piaf and Serge Gainsbourg.[330] Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a licence-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France.[331] 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.[332] The University of Paris, founded in the 12th century, is often called the Sorbonne after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into thirteen autonomous universities, following the student demonstrations in 1968. Most of the campuses today are in the Latin Quarter, where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.[333] The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the grandes écoles – 55 specialised centres of higher education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The École Normale Supérieure, PSL University has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement.[334] In 2025, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology (Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Polytechnic Institute of Paris, Paris Cité University, Paris-Saclay University, Sorbonne University), political science (Sciences Po),[335] management (HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School, ESCP Business School, INSEAD)[336] as well as multidisciplinary universities (Paris Sciences et Lettres University).[337] Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals.[338] It is the largest hospital system in Europe. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.[338] One of the most notable hospitals is the Hôtel-Dieu, founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating,[339] although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, one of the largest in Europe, Hôpital Cochin, Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Bicêtre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisière Hospital, Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Hôpital de la Charité and the American Hospital of Paris. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[340] Paris hosts the headquarters of the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, European Securities and Markets Authority and the European Banking Authority. Since April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned with:[341][342] Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:[341]\nAcèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Ikirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Pinayuanan Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Fɔ̀ngbè Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Nupe Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Wikidata item Rome, Italy Algiers, 2003 Amman, 1987 Amsterdam, 2013 Athens, 2000 Beijing, 1997 Beirut, 1992 Berlin, 1987 Brazzaville, 2015 Buenos Aires, 1999 Cairo, 1985 Casablanca, 2004 Chicago, 1996 Copenhagen, 2005 Dakar, 2011 Doha, 2010 Geneva, 2002 Istanbul, 2009 Jakarta, 1995 Jericho, 2009 Kinshasa, 2014 Kyoto, 1958 Lisbon, 1998 London, 2001 Madrid, 2000 Mexico City, 1999 Montevideo, 2013 Montreal, 2006 Moscow, 1992 Phnom Penh, 2007 Porto Alegre, 2001 Prague, 1997 Quebec City, 1996 Rabat, 2004 Ramallah, 2011 Rio de Janeiro, 2009 Riyadh, 1997 Saint Petersburg, 1997 Sanaa, 1987 San Francisco, 1996 Santiago, 1997 São Paulo, 2004 Seoul, 1991 Sofia, 1998 Sydney, 1998 Tbilisi, 1997 Tel Aviv, 2010 Tokyo, 1982 Tunis, 2004 Warsaw, 1999 Washington, D.C., 2000 Yerevan, 1998 France portal Cities portal Art Nouveau in Paris Art Deco in Paris C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925 Megacity Outline of France Outline of Paris Paris syndrome Parish and Civil Registers in Paris ^/ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ, French pronunciation:[paʁi]ⓘ ^French: la Ville Lumière ^\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr (in French). 16 December 2022. 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Official website(in French) v t e Administration AirportsCharles de GaulleOrly Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architectureera of absolutismtallest buildings era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culturemusic music CyclingVélib' Métropole Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History (timeline) Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museumslist list Squares Topography TransportMétroTransilienTramwaysRER Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourismsyndrome syndrome Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France v t e Paris Marseille Lyon Toulouse Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes Toulon Reims Saint-Étienne Le Havre Villeurbanne Dijon Angers Grenoble Saint-Denis, Réunion Nîmes Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Aix-en-Provence Clermont-Ferrand Le Mans Brest Tours Amiens Annecy Limoges Metz Perpignan Boulogne-Billancourt Besançon Orléans Rouen Montreuil Caen Argenteuil Saint-Paul Mulhouse Nancy Complete list v t e Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de 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and Memorial Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris MétroentrancesMontmartre Funicular entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome v t e RATP Tvm Tvm Noctilien CDGVAL Orlyval Montmartre Funicular Grand Paris Express CDG Express Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger IDFM RATP SNCF Optile Keolis Transdev Navigo card Public transport fares in the Île-de-France Versement transport List of Paris Métro stationsArchitectureGhost stations Architecture Ghost stations Lists of railway stations RERTransilienin Paris RER Transilien in Paris List of tram stops v t e Paris Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres 1,792 other communes v t e Three arrondissements 21 cantons 194 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Three arrondissements 23 cantons 36 communes 13 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs One departmental arrondissement 1 commune 20 municipal arrondissements 80 administrative quarters 18 legislative constituencies 1 intercommunality Five arrondissements 23 cantons 507 communes 11 legislative constituencies 21 intercommunalities Three arrondissements 21 cantons 40 communes 12 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Three arrondissements 25 cantons 47 communes 11 legislative constituencies 3 EPTs Three arrondissements 21 cantons 184 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Four arrondissements 21 cantons 259 communes 12 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities v t e Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) Laon (Aisne) Moulins (Allier) Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) Gap (Hautes-Alpes) Nice (Alpes-Maritimes) Privas (Ardèche) 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(Meuse) Vannes (Morbihan) Metz (Moselle) Nevers (Nièvre) Lille (Nord) Beauvais (Oise) Alençon (Orne) Arras (Pas-de-Calais) Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées) Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin) Colmar (Haut-Rhin) Lyon (Rhône) Vesoul (Haute-Saône) Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire) Le Mans (Sarthe) Chambéry (Savoie) Annecy (Haute-Savoie) Paris (Paris) Rouen (Seine-Maritime) Melun (Seine-et-Marne) Versailles (Yvelines) Niort (Deux-Sèvres) Amiens (Somme) Albi (Tarn) Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne) Toulon (Var) Avignon (Vaucluse) La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée) Poitiers (Vienne) Limoges (Haute-Vienne) Épinal (Vosges) Auxerre (Yonne) Belfort (Territoire de Belfort) Évry-Courcouronnes (Essonne) Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine) Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis) Créteil (Val-de-Marne) Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Cayenne (French Guiana) Saint-Denis (Réunion) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) v t e Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Rennes (Brittany) Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire) Ajaccio (Corsica) Strasbourg (Grand Est) Lille (Hauts-de-France) Paris (Île-de-France) Rouen (Normandy) Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Toulouse (Occitania) Nantes (Pays de la Loire) Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Cayenne (French Guiana) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) Saint Denis (Réunion) v t e 01 Ain 02 Aisne 03 Allier 04 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 05 Hautes-Alpes 06 Alpes-Maritimes 07 Ardèche 08 Ardennes 09 Ariège 10 Aube 11 Aude 12 Aveyron 13 Bouches-du-Rhône 14 Calvados 15 Cantal 16 Charente 17 Charente-Maritime 18 Cher 19 Corrèze 2A Corse-du-Sud 2B Haute-Corse 21 Côte-d'Or 22 Côtes-d'Armor 23 Creuse 24 Dordogne 25 Doubs 26 Drôme 27 Eure 28 Eure-et-Loir 29 Finistère 30 Gard 31 Haute-Garonne 32 Gers 33 Gironde 34 Hérault 35 Ille-et-Vilaine 36 Indre 37 Indre-et-Loire 38 Isère 39 Jura 40 Landes 41 Loir-et-Cher 42 Loire 43 Haute-Loire 44 Loire-Atlantique 45 Loiret 46 Lot 47 Lot-et-Garonne 48 Lozère 49 Maine-et-Loire 50 Manche 51 Marne 52 Haute-Marne 53 Mayenne 54 Meurthe-et-Moselle 55 Meuse 56 Morbihan 57 Moselle 58 Nièvre 59 Nord 60 Oise 61 Orne 62 Pas-de-Calais 63 Puy-de-Dôme 64 Pyrénées-Atlantiques 65 Hautes-Pyrénées 66 Pyrénées-Orientales 67 Bas-Rhin 68 Haut-Rhin 69D Rhône 70 Haute-Saône 71 Saône-et-Loire 72 Sarthe 73 Savoie 74 Haute-Savoie 76 Seine-Maritime 77 Seine-et-Marne 78 Yvelines 79 Deux-Sèvres 80 Somme 81 Tarn 82 Tarn-et-Garonne 83 Var 84 Vaucluse 85 Vendée 86 Vienne 87 Haute-Vienne 88 Vosges 89 Yonne 90 Territoire de Belfort 91 Essonne 92 Hauts-de-Seine 93 Seine-Saint-Denis 94 Val-de-Marne 95 Val-d'Oise 971 Guadeloupe 972 Martinique(territorial collectivity) 973 French Guiana(territorial collectivity) 974 Réunion 976 Mayotte 69M Lyon(collectivity with special status) 75 Paris(collectivity with special status) 975 Saint Pierre and Miquelon(Overseas collectivity) Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from 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2.35222 France Region Île-de-France Department Arrondissement Paris Intercommunality Métropole du Grand Paris Subdivisions arrondissements Anne Hidalgo [1] PS [2] [2] [2] [3] 9th 1st Urban [2] Metro [2] Demonym(s) en fr Time zone UTC+01:00 CET DST UTC+02:00 CEST INSEE 75056 paris.fr [a] capital largest city France [update] [3] Île-de-France fourth-most populous city European Union finance diplomacy commerce culture fashion gastronomy Charles de Gaulle Airport Orly Airport Beauvais–Tillé Airport sustainable transportation [4] Sustainable Transport Award Musée d'Orsay Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de l'Orangerie Impressionist Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée Rodin Musée Picasso modern contemporary art citation needed Seine UNESCO World Heritage Site [update] United Nations UNESCO OECD OECD Development Centre International Bureau of Weights and Measures International Energy Agency International Federation for Human Rights European Space Agency European Banking Authority European Securities and Markets Authority hosts different sporting events French Open association football Paris St-Germain rugby union Stade Français Summer Olympics oppidum Julius Caesar Lutetia Parisii [5] [6] Celtic [7] [8] [6] Parisii Gallic Iron Age Roman period [9] ethnonym Xavier Delamarre [9] Alfred Holder Welsh Proto-Celtic [10] Pierre-Yves Lambert Old Irish [6] [paʁizjɛ̃] ⓘ [paʁiɡo] ⓘ [11] History of Paris Timeline of Paris Lutetia Parisii [12] [13] Seine Île de la Cité [14] [15] Parisii Julius Caesar conquered Paris Basin Roman Republic Left Bank [16] Lutetia amphitheatre [17] Western Roman Empire Latin [18] Christianity Denis Montmartre Basilica of Saint-Denis [19] Wall of Philippe Auguste Clovis the Frank Merovingian dynasty [20] Franks Francien Île de la Cité sacking by Vikings in 845 Siege of Paris (885–886) Count of Paris Odo of France West Francia [21] Capetian Hugh Capet Duke of the Franks [19] Paris in the Middle Ages Paris in the 16th century Paris in the 17th century Palais de la Cité Sainte-Chapelle Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry [22] Maurice de Sully Notre Dame Cathedral [23] clarification needed [24] Les Halles Place de Grève (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville) [25] Philip Augustus Louvre [26] University of Paris [27] [22] [28] [29] Hôtel de Sens Hundred Years' War Burgundian forces Henry V of England [30] Joan of Arc [31] French Wars of Religion Catholic League St. Bartholomew's Day massacre [32] [33] Henry IV Pont Neuf Tuileries Palace Place des Vosges Les Halles [34] Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII College of Sorbonne Palais-Cardinal Palais-Royal [35] Jan Janssonius Fronde Louis XIV Versailles Comédie-Française French Academy of Sciences city walls Grands Boulevards [36] Collège des Quatre-Nations Place Vendôme Place des Victoires Les Invalides [37] Paris in the 18th century Paris during the Second Empire Haussmann's renovation of Paris [38] Champs-Élysées Étoile [39] Faubourg Saint-Antoine [40] education sciences age of Enlightenment [41] [b] Bastille Jean-Pierre Houël French Revolution Invalides stormed the Bastille Paris Commune Mayor Jean Sylvain Bailly [42] Louis XVI brought to Paris guillotine Reign of Terror [43] nationalised [44] 9 November 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte [45] [46] Arc de Triomphe Canal de l'Ourcq Père Lachaise Cemetery Pont des Arts [46] Eiffel Tower Restoration July Revolution July Column Place de la Bastille Louis Philippe I provinces [46] popular uprising Napoleon III Georges-Eugène Haussmann Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes [47] [47] Franco-Prussian War Prussian Army Paris Commune Bloody Week [48] 1889 Universal Exposition 1900 Universal Exposition Pont Alexandre III Grand Palais Petit Palais Paris Métro [49] Naturalism Émile Zola Symbolism Charles Baudelaire Paul Verlaine Impressionism Courbet Manet Monet Renoir [50] Paris in the Belle Époque Paris during the First World War Paris between the Wars (1919–1939) Paris in World War II History of Paris (1946–2000) [51] Pablo Picasso Modigliani Henri Matisse Fauvism Cubism abstract art [52] [53] Marcel Proust [54] First World War First Battle of the Marne Zeppelins long-range guns [55] Les Années Folles Ernest Hemingway Igor Stravinsky James Joyce Josephine Baker Eva Kotchever Henry Miller Anaïs Nin Sidney Bechet [56] Salvador Dalí [57] peace conference French colonies Ho Chi Minh Zhou Enlai Léopold Sédar Senghor [58] Charles de Gaulle open city [59] Vel d'Hiv Auschwitz [60] [61] French 2nd Armoured Division 4th Infantry Division United States Army Charles de Gaulle Hôtel de Ville [62] Algerian War FLN violent confrontations Organisation armée secrète [63] [64] Sorbonne Latin Quarter May 1968 events in France [65] Jacques Chirac [66] Tour Maine-Montparnasse [67] [68] RER Périphérique [69] Seine Louvre UNESCO World Heritage Site [70] Fifth Republic Georges Pompidou Centre Georges Pompidou Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Musée d'Orsay François Mitterrand Opéra Bastille Bibliothèque nationale de France Arche de la Défense La Défense Louvre Pyramid Jacques Chirac Musée du quai Branly [71] Bertrand Delanoë [72] Promenade des Berges de la Seine [73] Place de la République Republican marches Charlie Hebdo shooting Nicolas Sarkozy Grand Paris Metropolis of Grand Paris [74] Grand Paris Express high-speed rail (TGV) [75] [76] series of attacks shooting at the offices Charlie Hebdo Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula [77] [78] 1.5 million people marched in Paris [79] Terrorist attacks [80] [81] effects of climate change Paris Agreement United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [82] François Pinault Bourse de Commerce Japanese Tadao Ando [83] COVID-19 pandemic [84] Notre Dame Cathedral caught fire [85] spire bell towers rose windows [85] it was reopened [86] Globalization and World Cities Research Network [87] relevant? Geography of Paris Climate of Paris Sentinel-2 Seine Île Saint-Louis Île de la Cité English Channel [88] above sea level Montmartre [89] Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Boulevard Périphérique [90] [91] [88] Avenue Raphaël fr Köppen climate classification oceanic climate [92] [93] [94] [95] heat wave of 2003 [96] spring autumn [97] winter [98] [99] summer [100] [update] [101] [102] Parc Montsouris precipitation relative humidity sunshine hours possible sunshine ultraviolet index Meteo France [103] [104] [105] Administration of Paris Arrondissements of Paris Mayor of Paris arrondissements of Paris [106] Jacques Chirac Anne Hidalgo socialist in April 2014 [107] in June 2020 [108] Hôtel de Ville elected indirectly Conseil de Paris closed list proportional representation two-round system [109] majority plurality highest averages method [109] [110] 2020 Paris municipal election conseil d'arrondissement [111] [106] Paris Centre [112] Métropole du Grand Paris Grand Paris [113] Hauts-de-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne Argenteuil Val d'Oise Paray-Vieille-Poste Essonne [114] [115] [113] [115] Patrick Ollier [116] Region Île de France Regional Council Valérie Pécresse [117] Élysée Palace President of France national government President of the French Republic Élysée Palace [118] Prime Minister Hôtel Matignon [119] [120] [121] French Parliament Senate Palais du Luxembourg National Assembly Palais Bourbon President of the Senate Petit Luxembourg [122] Conseil d'État Court of Cassation Palais de Justice [123] Conseil d'État Palais-Royal 1st arrondissement [124] Constitutional Council [125] UNESCO Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development International Chamber of Commerce Paris Club European Space Agency International Energy Agency Organisation internationale de la Francophonie European Union Institute for Security Studies International Bureau of Weights and Measures International Exhibition Bureau International Federation for Human Rights Gendarmerie Prefecture of Police of Paris Ministry of the Interior National Police Paris Fire Brigade Place Louis Lépine Île de la Cité [126] [126] Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité National Gendarmerie French Armed Forces [127] [128] Seine Architecture of Paris Haussmann's renovation of Paris Religious buildings in Paris List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region Rue de Rivoli Place des Vosges [129] Seine Île Saint-Louis Île de la Cité Île aux Cygnes Napoleon III Baron Haussmann 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre Paris stone [130] [131] [132] [132] Tour Montparnasse [133] La Défense Tour First Courbevoie Front de Seine Seine Avenue Montaigne [134] [135] [136] [136] [137] [138] SkySat Tour Montparnasse Seine Île-de-France [139] Grand Paris [113] Paul Delouvrier [140] [141] RER [142] [143] [144] [145] [145] Goutte d'Or Belleville Seine-Saint-Denis department Val-d'Oise department Seine Évry Corbeil-Essonnes Essonne Mureaux Mantes-la-Jolie Yvelines [146] urban sociology Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Enghien-les-Bains [147] Demographics of Paris Île-de-France [148] [149] Metropolitan France Algeria Morocco Portugal Tunisia Guadeloupe Martinique China Turkey Mali Côte d'Ivoire Senegal Italy Romania Democratic Republic of Congo Spain Sri Lanka Cameroon Republic of the Congo Haiti Poland Vietnam Cambodia Réunion India Serbia Lebanon Madagascar Germany Pakistan Russia Mauritius Guinea Brazil United Kingdom United States INSEE Anne Hidalgo [150] [151] [152] [153] Berlin Madrid Rome 34th most densely populated city in the world [update] [154] Eurostat [155] [156] de-industrialisation gentrification [157] [158] unité urbaine urban area largest urban area in the European Union [159] [160] aire d'attraction de Paris metropolitan area [161] [162] [163] largest metropolitan area Eurozone [160] Eurostat Hauts-de-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne [164] verification needed Europe Maghreb sub-Saharan Africa Egypt Turkey Asia Americas South Pacific [165] [166] Île-de-France [167] [168] [169] Religious buildings in Paris Sacré-Cœur Montmartre Catholic [170] [171] Institut français d'opinion publique Roman Catholic Muslim country Algeria Morocco Tunisia [172] [173] [174] [175] Israel [176] Economy of Paris La Défense [177] headquarters BNP Paribas Boulevard des Italiens [178] Axa Crédit Agricole Montrouge [179] [180] Paris Region [181] [182] [183] [184] La Défense Neuilly-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Boulogne-Billancourt Issy-les-Moulineaux [184] Fortune Global 500 Hauts-de-Seine La Défense Boulogne-Billancourt Société Générale GDP € [185] [186] [187] [188] [3] [189] [190] finance [191] Hauts-de-Seine Opéra Garnier Val de Seine [191] services [191] Economist Intelligence Unit [192] Singapore Hong Kong [193] Station F business incubator [194] [195] [196] [196] [196] [196] [196] La Défense [191] [191] [191] [191] Yvelines [191] Aulnay-sous-Bois [191] Essonne [191] Val-de-Marne Rungis food market [191] [191] [197] poverty line [198] [199] [200] Tourism in Paris Landmarks in Paris Historical quarters of Paris List of tourist attractions in Paris Louvre most-visited art museum in the world Euromonitor [201] [202] Greater Paris [203] [203] Euromonitor [204] [205] Louvre Museum Eiffel Tower Musée d'Orsay Centre Pompidou [202] [203] Airbnb [203] [206] Paris syndrome [207] Culture of Paris Art in Paris Auguste Renoir Bal du moulin de la Galette Musée d'Orsay [208] French Baroque and Classicism Girardon Coysevox Coustou Pierre Mignard Louis XIV Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture [209] Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Édouard Manet Claude Monet Berthe Morisot Paul Gauguin Pierre-Auguste Renoir Romanticism Géricault [209] Impressionism Art Nouveau Symbolism Fauvism Cubism Art Deco [209] [210] Pablo Picasso Henri Matisse Vincent van Gogh Paul Cézanne Jean Metzinger Albert Gleizes Henri Rousseau Marc Chagall Amedeo Modigliani Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Statue of Liberty Auguste Rodin Camille Claudel Antoine Bourdelle Paul Landowski Christ the Redeemer Rio de Janeiro Aristide Maillol Golden Age School of Paris List of museums in Paris Musée d'Orsay Louvre [211] most-visited museums Mona Lisa Venus de Milo Liberty Leading the People Centre Georges Pompidou Musée National d'Art Moderne National Museum of Natural History Musée d'Orsay French Impressionists Cité des sciences et de l'industrie Musée des Arts et Métiers Fondation Louis Vuitton Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac Musée Carnavalet Petit Palais [212] Musée du quai Branly Musée de l'Orangerie Claude Monet Water Lilies Musée national du Moyen Âge Medieval art Guimet Museum Musée Picasso Musée Rodin Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée de l'Armée Les Invalides Ministry of Culture Carnavalet Museum Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris Palais de Tokyo House of Victor Hugo House of Balzac Catacombs of Paris [213] Louis Vuitton Foundation Frank Gehry Bois de Boulogne Paris Opéra Opéra Bastille [214] Théâtre-Italien Théâtre Lyrique Théâtre de la Ville [215] Philharmonie de Paris Théâtre des Champs-Élysées Ballets Russes Comédie Française Comédie-Française Palais-Royal [216] Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse [217] cabaret Moulin Rouge Cancan Mistinguett Édith Piaf Toulouse-Lautrec Olympia Paris Folies Bergère Josephine Baker Dalida Edith Piaf Marlene Dietrich Miles Davis Judy Garland Grateful Dead Casino de Paris Mistinguett Maurice Chevalier Tino Rossi Le Lido Crazy Horse Saloon [218] Writers in Paris Victor Hugo Gasparinus de Bergamo Johann Heynlin Boileau Corneille La Fontaine Molière Racine Charles Perrault [219] Académie française [220] Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau Pierre de Marivaux Pierre Beaumarchais Charles Baudelaire Stéphane Mallarmé Mérimée Alfred de Musset Marcel Proust Émile Zola Alexandre Dumas Gustave Flaubert Guy de Maupassant Honoré de Balzac The Hunchback of Notre-Dame Notre-Dame de Paris [221] Les Misérables [222] Jules Verne [223] Colette André Gide François Mauriac André Malraux Albert Camus Simone de Beauvoir Jean-Paul Sartre Ernest Hemingway Samuel Beckett Miguel Ángel Asturias Alejo Carpentier Arturo Uslar Pietri Nobel Prize in Literature Patrick Modiano [224] [225] [226] Music in Paris History of music in Paris Olympia polyphony Trouvères Troubadours François I Renaissance era lute [209] Baroque-era Jean-Baptiste Lully Jean-Philippe Rameau François Couperin [209] Conservatoire de Musique de Paris [227] Romantic-era Hector Berlioz Charles Gounod Camille Saint-Saëns Léo Delibes Jules Massenet [209] Georges Bizet Carmen canon [228] [229] Impressionist Claude Debussy Erik Satie Maurice Ravel Frédéric Chopin Franz Liszt Jacques Offenbach Niccolò Paganini Igor Stravinsky Bal-musette [230] bourrée cabrette bellows bagpipe vielle à roue hurdy-gurdy accordion [231] jazz [232] gypsy jazz [231] Django Reinhardt Stéphane Grappelli Quintette du Hot Club de France [233] Moulin Rouge Édith Piaf Saint-Germain-des-Pres Le Tabou Claude Luter Boris Vian Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow Henri Salvador [234] manouche [233] [232] [233] Paris Jazz Festival Rock en Seine [235] Orchestre de Paris [236] Edith Piaf chanteuse [237] hip hop [238] List of films set in Paris Lumière brothers L'Arroseur Arrosé Auguste and Louis Lumière [239] Grand Rex [240] [241] French cinema Claude Lelouch Jean-Luc Godard Luc Besson Claude Zidi [242] French cuisine Place du Châtelet haute cuisine Palais-Royal Antoine Beauvilliers Le Grand Véfour [243] Rocher de Cancale Café Anglais Maison Dorée Boulevard des Italiens Belle Époque Maxim's Ledoyen Champs-Élysées Tour d'Argent [244] [245] Michelin Guide L'Ambroisie L'Astrance Pierre Gagnaire Alain Ducasse Yannick Alléno Alain Passard [246] [247] Les Deux Magots café Café Procope Café de la Rotonde Le Dôme Café Café de Flore Les Deux Magots [244] bistro [248] brasserie Paris Exposition of 1867 [249] Fashion in Paris Magdalena Frackowiak Paris Fashion Week fashion capital haute couture [250] Dior Chanel Karl Lagerfeld Jean-Paul Gaultier Yves Saint Laurent Givenchy Christian Lacroix Paris Fashion Week Carrousel du Louvre [251] [252] cosmetics L'Oréal Louis Vuitton Hermés Cartier [253] Avenue Montaigne Champs-Élysées Nicéphore Niépce Louis Daguerre Daguerrotype [209] Étienne-Jules Marey Man Ray Maurice Tabard [254] [255] Eugène Atget Robert Doisneau Marcel Bovis Jacques-Henri Lartigue Henri Cartier-Bresson [209] Poster art Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Jules Chéret Eugène Grasset Adolphe Willette Pierre Bonnard Georges de Feure Henri-Gabriel Ibels Paul Gavarni Alphonse Mucha [209] Le Figaro newspaper of record [256] Le Monde Le Figaro Libération Le Nouvel Observateur Le Canard enchaîné La Croix Le Parisien Saint-Ouen Les Échos Neuilly-sur-Seine Reuters l'Équipe Boulogne-Billancourt [257] [258] Agence France-Presse [259] France 24 [260] Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs [261] TF1 Boulogne-Billancourt France 2 France 3 Canal+ France 5 M6 Neuilly-sur-Seine Arte D8 W9 NT1 NRJ 12 La Chaîne parlementaire France 4 BFM TV Gulli [262] Radio France 16th arrondissement Radio France Internationale [263] La Poste [264] Bastille Day Champs-Élysées Arc de Triomphe Place de la Concorde flypast Patrouille de France [265] Paris-Plages [265] Journées du Patrimoine Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Carnaval de Paris Libraries in Paris Bibliothèque nationale de France Arsenal Library [266] Sainte-Geneviève Library Bibliothèque Forney Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris Sainte-Geneviève Library Henri Labrouste [267] Bibliothèque Mazarine Médiathèque Musicale Mahler Dominique Perrault [267] Sorbonne Library Sorbonne Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie [268] [269] Football in Paris Parc des Princes association football Paris Saint-Germain F.C. [270] rugby union Stade Français Racing 92 [271] Stade de France 1998 FIFA World Cup Saint-Denis [272] France national football team French national rugby team Six Nations Championship [272] Paris FC Red Star FC [273] [274] Rugby league Australia national team British League Rugby League World Cup 1954 Parc des Princes final France Great Britain Parc des Princes 1972 Rugby League World Cup a rugby league department Super League [275] Catalans Dragons British rugby league system [276] Summer Olympics 1900 1924 2024 Summer Olympics [277] 1992 2008 2012 Olympic Games Barcelona Beijing London [278] [279] [280] 1938 FIFA World Cup 1998 FIFA World Cup 2007 Rugby World Cup 2023 Rugby World Cup 1960 1984 2016 [281] UEFA Champions League 2022 [282] Champs Élysées Tour de France finished on the Champs-Elysées [283] tennis French Open red clay Stade Roland Garros [284] Grand Slam Paris Masters Bercy Arena [285] Basketball Levallois SCB Paris Basket Racing Metropolitans 92 Stade Pierre de Coubertin [286] Paris Basketball [287] Paris Saint-Germain handball [288] Paris Musketeers American football [289] Transport in Paris Gare du Nord Île-de-France Mobilités [290] RATP bus Métro SNCF Optile [291] sustainable [4] [292] Sustainable Transport Award [293] [294] [295] [296] [297] 15-minute city Carlos Moreno (urbanist) Anne Hidalgo [298] [299] [300] walkable walkability [301] [302] List of Paris railway stations Paris Métro Réseau Express Régional Transilien Tramways in Île-de-France Paris Métro Gare du Nord Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare d'Austerlitz Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Gare de Bercy high-speed rail TGV Eurostar Intercity Express Frecciarossa Intercités Intercités de nuit Nightjet TER Transilien commuter rail Paris region [303] regional express network RER A Paris region a light rail network, the tramway Charles de Gaulle Airport [304] 5th busiest airport system in the world Charles de Gaulle Airport third-busiest airport in Europe [update] [305] [306] Orly Airport Beauvais–Tillé Airport [307] general aviation Paris–Le Bourget Airport [308] 4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic flag carrier Air France [309] low-cost carriers Boulevard Périphérique motorway Périphérique [90] A86 Francilienne Ports of Paris Loire Rhine Rhône Meuse Scheldt Canal Saint-Martin Canal Saint-Denis [310] Vélib' Place de la Bastille cycle paths and routes in Paris [311] bike sharing Vélib' [312] Île-de-France [313] district heating Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine wood pellets [314] Île de la Cité Bateau Mouche Bièvre Canal de l'Ourcq [315] Eugène Belgrand Napoleon III [316] [317] Air pollution particulate matter [318] [319] List of parks and gardens in Paris History of Parks and Gardens of Paris Parc des Buttes-Chaumont [320] Tuileries Garden Tuileries Palace André Le Nôtre [321] Luxembourg Garden Luxembourg Palace Marie de' Medici Senate [322] Jardin des plantes [323] Napoleon III Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes Parc Montsouris Parc des Buttes-Chaumont [324] Parc de la Villette Parc André Citroën Parc de Bercy Parc Clichy-Batignolles [325] Promenade des Berges de la Seine Paris Catacombs left bank Holy Innocents' Cemetery Paris's stone mines place Denfert-Rochereau [326] [327] Napoleon [328] Père Lachaise Montmartre Montparnasse Passy Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen Cimetière parisien de Pantin Pantin Bobigny Ivry Bagneux [329] Oscar Wilde Frédéric Chopin Jim Morrison Édith Piaf Serge Gainsbourg [330] Education in Paris Sorbonne University licence [331] [332] University of Paris Sorbonne thirteen autonomous universities student demonstrations in 1968 Latin Quarter [333] grandes écoles grands établissements École Normale Supérieure PSL University 5th arrondissement [334] Conservatoire national des arts et métiers Polytechnic Institute of Paris Paris Cité University Paris-Saclay University Sorbonne University Sciences Po [335] HEC Paris ESSEC Business School ESCP Business School INSEAD [336] Paris Sciences et Lettres University [337] Hôtel-Dieu de Paris Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris [338] [338] Hôtel-Dieu [339] Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Hôpital Cochin Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou Bicêtre Hospital Beaujon Hospital Curie Institute Lariboisière Hospital Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital Hôpital Saint-Louis Hôpital de la Charité American Hospital of Paris United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [340] European Space Agency International Energy Agency European Securities and Markets Authority European Banking Authority List of twin towns and sister cities in France twinned [341] [342] Rome [343] [344] [345] [346] [341] Algiers Amman Amsterdam Athens Beijing Beirut Berlin Brazzaville Buenos Aires Cairo Casablanca Chicago Copenhagen Dakar Doha Geneva Istanbul Jakarta Jericho Kinshasa Kyoto Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Montevideo Montreal Moscow Phnom Penh Porto Alegre Prague Quebec City Rabat Ramallah Rio de Janeiro Riyadh Saint Petersburg Sanaa San Francisco Santiago São Paulo Seoul Sofia Sydney Tbilisi Tel Aviv Tokyo Tunis Warsaw Washington, D.C. Yerevan France portal Cities portal Art Nouveau in Paris Art Deco in Paris C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts Megacity Outline of France Outline of Paris Paris syndrome Parish and Civil Registers in Paris ^ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ [paʁi] ⓘ ^ French ^ \"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" Archived a b c d e \"Département: Paris (75); Unité urbaine: Paris (00851); Région: Île-de-France (11); Aire d'attraction des villes: Paris (001)\" INSEE a b c \"Estimation de la population au 1ᵉʳ Janvier 2025 - Séries par région, département, sexe et âge\" INSEE a b \"Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility\" Archived ^ Nègre 1990 a b c Falileyev 2010 ^ Lambert 1994 ^ Delamarre 2003 a b Delamarre 2003 ^ Busse 2006 ^ Dottin 1920 help ^ Arbois de Jubainville & Dottin 1889 ^ Cunliffe 2004 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Schmidt 2009 ^ Schmidt 2009 ^ Schmidt 2009 ^ Meunier 2014 a b Schmidt 2009 ^ ^ Jones 1994 a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Les dix secrets de Notre-Dame de Paris\" Archived ^ Bussmann 1985 ^ de Vitriaco & Hinnebusch 1972 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ \"Paris history facts\" Archived ^ ^ ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day\" Archived ^ Bayrou 1994 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ The Story of Civilization XI The Age of Napoleon ISBN 978-0-671-21988-8 Archived ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ \"Paris\" Archived ^ Paine 1998 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Sarmant 2012 a b c Sarmant 2012 a b De Moncan 2012 ^ Rougerie 2014 ^ Fraser & Spalding 2011 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art ISBN 978-0-8021-9740-5 the original ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ ISBN 978-0-520-22537-4 ^ \"The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí\" Archived ^ Anti-Imperial Metropolis Archived Wayback Machine ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on\" Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ Combeau 2003 ^ Bell & de-Shalit 2011 ^ \"Paris, Banks of the Seine\" Archived ^ Sarmant 2012 ^ \"City Mayors: Bertrand Delanoe – Mayor of Paris\" Archived ^ \"Les berges de Seine rendues aux Parisiens\" the original ^ \"Sarko's €35bn rail plan for a 'Greater Paris'\" The Independent Archived ^ \"€26.5bn Grand Paris metro expansion programme confirmed\" Archived ^ \"Le Metro du Grand Paris\" Archived ^ \"2015 Charlie Hebdo Attacks Fast Facts\" Archived ^ \"Attentats terroristes : les questions que vous nous avez le plus posées\" Archived ^ \"Les politiques s'affichent à la marche républicaine\" Archived ^ \"Islamic State claims Paris attacks that killed 127\" Archived ^ \"Paris attacks death toll rises to 130\" RTÉ.ie Archived ^ \"'Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord\" Archived ^ \"tadao ando to transform paris' historic stock exchange into art museum for françois pinault\" ^ \"François Pinault's Major Contemporary Art Museum Finally Opens in Paris\" a b \"Notre-Dame Cathedral Fire | Before & After the Fire\" ^ \"How the Iconic Notre Dame Cathedral Was Rebuilt After the Devastating 2019 Fire\" ^ \"World Cities 2024\" a b \"Paris\" Archived ^ Blackmore & McConnachie 2004 a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Key figures for Paris\" the original ^ arXiv 2507.13075 ^ \"Köppen climates and Scheffer index as indicators of timber risk in Europe (1901–2020)\" doi 10.1186/s40494-023-00992-7 ISSN 2050-7445 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"JetStream Max: Addition Köppen-Geiger Climate Subdivisions\" ^ Goldstein 2005 ^ \"Climate in Paris\" the original ^ \"Visiting Paris in the Winter: A Complete Guide\" Archived ^ \"Weather in France – Climate and Temperatures of French Cities\" Archived ^ \"Paris weather\" Archived ^ \"42.6 °C à Paris : record absolu de chaleur battu !\" Archived ^ \"Géographie de la capitale – Le climat\" the original ^ \"Paris–Montsouris (984)\" the original ^ \"Normes et records 1961–1990: Paris-Montsouris (75) – altitude 75m\" the original ^ \"Paris, France – Climate data\" Archived a b Fierro 1996 ^ \"Anne Hidalgo is new Mayor of Paris\" the original ^ \"Greens surge in French local elections as Anne Hidalgo holds Paris\" The Guardian ISSN 0261-3077 Archived a b \"Code électoral – Article L260\" Archived ^ \"Election Preview: France Municipal Elections 2014 – Part I\" Archived ^ Shales 2007 ^ \"Regroupement des 4 premiers arrondissements : le secteur Paris Centre sera créé le 11 juillet\" Archived a b c \"Code général des collectivités territoriales – Article L5219-1\" Archived ^ \"Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris\" Archived a b \"La métropole du Grand Paris verra le jour le 1er janvier 2016\" Archived ^ \"Du Grand Paris à la Métropole du Grand Paris\" the original ^ \"Régionales 2015 : les chiffres clés du scrutin\" Archived ^ \"Le Palais de L'Élysée et son histoire\" Archived ^ \"Matignon Hotel\" Archived ^ Knapp & Wright 2006 ^ Borrus 2012 ^ \"A la découverte du Petit Luxembourg\" Archived ^ \"Introduction\" Archived ^ \"Histoire & Patrimoine\" the original ^ \"Le siège du Conseil constitutionnel\" the original a b \"Présentation générale\" Archived ^ \"Accueil\" Archived ^ \"France\" Archived ^ \"Paris Street Evolution\" doi 10.1038/srep02153 ISSN 2045-2322 PMC 3703887 PMID 23835429 S2CID 11824030 ^ ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3 ^ Braimoh & Vlek 2008 a b \"Plan des hauteurs\" the original ^ \"Plan Local d'Urbanisme – Règlement à la parcelle\" Archived ^ ^ \"Chiffres Cléfs Logements (2011) – Département de Paris (75)\" Archived a b \"Un territoire ancien et de petite taille\" the original ^ ^ ^ \"Une brève histoire de l'aménagement de Paris et sa région Du District à la Région Île-de-France\" Archived ^ Masson 1984 ^ Yarri 2008 ^ Gordon 2006 ^ Castells 1983 ^ Tomas et al. 2003 a b \"Les Politiques Nationales du Logement et le Logement dans les Villes Nouvelles\" the original ^ \"Atlas des Zones urbaines sensibles (Zus)\" the original ^ \"Une forte hétérogénéité des revenus en Île-de-France\" Archived ^ INSEE \"Individus localisés à la région en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers détail\" ^ INSEE \"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2019 - Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ \"The World's Most Densely Populated Cities\" Archived ^ \"Statistics on European cities\" Archived ^ Commune data sheet Paris EHESS ^ ^ Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques \"Population en historique depuis 1968: Commune de Paris (75056)\" Archived ^ INSEE \"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Unité urbaine 2020 de Paris (00851)\" Archived a b \"Urban Europe — Statistics on cities, towns and suburbs\" Archived ^ \"Functional areas – Definition\" INSEE Archived ^ INSEE \"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001)\" Archived ^ INSEE \"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017: France entière\" Archived ^ \"Population statistics at regional level\" the original ^ \"Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75)\" Insee the original ^ \"Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" Insee the original ^ \"Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" Insee the original ^ \"Population par sexe, âge et nationalité – Département de Paris (75)\" Insee the original ^ \"Localisation des immigrés et des descendants d'immigrés\" Insee Archived ^ ISBN 978-1-349-13618-6 ^ After Integration: Islam, Conviviality and Contentious Politics in Europe ISBN 978-3-658-02594-6 Archived ^ \"que pese l'Islam en France\" Archived ^ \"How does France count its muslim population?\" Archived ^ \"Interview with Dalil Boubakeur\" Archived ^ \"Le manque de mosquée en Ile-de-France\" Archived ^ \"World Jewish Population 2014\" Archived ^ \"La Défense, Europe's largest business district\" the original ^ \"Largest banks worldwide as of December 2021, by assets\" Archived ^ \"De Las Cases à Jean Jaurès : Crédit Agricole S.A. à travers ses sièges\" Archived ^ \"Department of Paris; Complete Dossier\" Archived ^ \"Île-de-France Region – Complete dossier\" Archived ^ \"EMP2 – Emplois au lieu de travail par sexe, statut et secteur d'activité économique – Région d'Île-de-France (11)\" Archived ^ \"La nomenclature agrégée – NA, 2008\" Archived a b \"En Île-de-France, 39 poles d'emploi structurent l'economie régionale\" Archived ^ \"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions\" Archived ^ \"Regional gross domestic product (PPS per inhabitant) by NUTS 2 regions\" Archived ^ \"L'Île-de-France, une des régions les plus riches d'Europe\" Archived ^ \"The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025\" Archived ^ \"GDP in value (current prices) – Metropolitan France\" Archived ^ \"GDP in value (current prices) – Île-de-France\" Archived a b c d e f g h i j k l \"L'Industrie en Île-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Régionaux\" Archived ^ ^ \"Classement.Singapour, Hong Kong, Paris : le trio des villes les plus chères du monde\" Courrier International Archived ^ \"Station F, the world's largest startup campus opens in Paris\" Archived ^ \"The world's most, and least, expensive cities\" ISSN 0013-0613 Archived a b c d e \"Île-de-France – A la Page Nº288 – INSEE 2007\" Archived ^ \"Structure et distribution des revenus, inégalité des niveaux de vie en 2013\" Archived ^ \"Neighborhoods of Paris with more than 40 percent living below poverty line\" the original ^ ^ ^ \"Euromonitor International reveals world's Top 100 City Destinations for 2024\" a b \"Bilan de l'année touristique 2022 à Paris Île-de-France (mars 2023)\" Archived a b c d \"Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2020\" the original ^ \"The World's Most-Visited City Is Bangkok\" Forbes Archived ^ \"Tourism in Paris – Key Figures 2016\" Archived ^ \"Hoteliers welcome Paris decision forcing Airbnb hosts to register rentals\" Archived ^ \"'Paris Syndrome' strikes Japanese\" BBC News Archived ^ Montclos 2003 a b c d e f g h i Michelin 2011 ^ Perry 1995 ^ ^ ^ \"Municipal museums\" Archived ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Schumacher 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Who's Where Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"scan of the book at the Bibliothèque nationale de France\" Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"Notre Dame Renovations\" Archived ^ \"Les Miserables\" Archived ^ \"Jules Verne\" ^ \"Official site of the Nobel Prize\" Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ ^ Damschroeder & Williams 1990 ^ Georges Bizet: Carmen Archived Wayback Machine ^ The Essential Canon of Classical Music ISBN 978-1-4668-0726-6 Archived ^ Dregni 2004 a b Dregni 2008 a b Mroue 2006 a b c \"Best Gypsy jazz bars in Paris\" Archived ^ Bezbakh 2004 ^ \"Rock en Seine '13\" Archived ^ \"Orchestre de Paris\" the original ^ Édith Piaf biography AllMusic ^ \"Hip-Hop à la Française\" The New York Times Archived ^ \"PRÉSENTATION DU CINÉMATOGRAPHE LUMIÈRE\" Archived ^ \"The Grand Rex ... and its Etoiles\" Archived ^ \"Le Cinéma à Paris\" Archived ^ \"2 Tamil Films in 1st SAFF in Paris\" The Times of India Archived ^ Fierro 1996 a b Fierro 1996 ^ Dominé 2014 ^ ^ \"Michelin Guide\" Michelin Guide Archived ^ Fierro 1996 ^ Fierro 1996 ^ \"11 Ways to Look like a Local in Paris\" Archived ^ Fashion Journalism Routledge ISBN 978-1-136-47536-8 Archived ^ The Fundamentals of Fashion Management ISBN 978-2-940411-58-0 Archived ^ \"Global ranking of manufacturers of luxury goods\" Archived ^ Department of Photographs, Photography and Surrealism, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Archived Wayback Machine ^ Hazan 2011 ^ \"Le Figaro\" Archived ^ \"French and Francophone Publications\" Archived ^ \"Paris's Top Newspapers\" Archived ^ \"Agence France-Presse\" Archived ^ \"France 24\" Archived ^ \"France Diplomatie\" Archived ^ \"French and Francophone TV Stations\" Archived ^ \"France's Radio Stations\" the original ^ \"La Poste\" the original a b BlackmoreMcConnachie 2004 ^ \"How to find us\" Bibliothèque nationale de France the original a b \"At These Parisian Landmarks, Shhh Is the Word\" Archived ^ \"Paris-Sorbonne libraries\" Archived ^ \"French Libraries and Archives\" Archived ^ \"London has several major football clubs. Why does Paris only have one?\" Archived ^ \"Rugby union in France: How Massy changed the game in Paris\" a b Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Paris FC join PSG in Ligue 1 for 1st time in 46 yrs\" ^ \"The football club founded by Jules Rimet battles its way back\" ^ \"Locations of League: Paris\" ^ \"Wigan Warriors and Catalans Dragons progress Paris plans for 2026\" ^ \"From Paris to Tahiti: All to know about the Olympics 2024 venues\" ^ \"BARCELONA GETS 1992 SUMMER OLYMPICS\" Archived ^ \"OLYMPICS; Beijing Wins Bid for 2008 Olympic Games (Published 2001)\" Archived ^ \"Inside Paris' long history with the Olympic Games\" ^ \"EURO 2016: All you need to know\" UEFA ^ \"UEFA Champions League Finals 1956-2025\" RSSSF Archived ^ \"2013 route\" the original ^ \"Roland-Garros\" Archived ^ \"Paris Masters 2024: Preview, full schedule, and how to watch live men's tour action with crucial ATP Finals ranking points available\" Archived ^ \"Stade Pierre de Coubertin (Paris)\" the original ^ \"EuroCup\" ^ \"Histoire | Club | PSG Handball\" the original ^ \"Paris Football Team | The Paris Football Team is an American football franchise of the European League of Football, based in Paris, France\" Archived ^ \"Le web des voyageurs franciliens\" the original ^ \"Optile en bref\" Archived ^ \"On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals\" Archived ^ \"Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award\" Archived ^ \"Bikes overtake cars as means of transport in Paris\" The Local the original ^ \"Cycling is now more popular than driving in the centre of Paris, study finds\" the original ^ \"5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities\" Archived ^ \"How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris\" Archived ^ \"Paris' Vision for a '15-Minute City' Sparks a Global Movement\" ^ \"Why walking and public transport must be integrated\" ^ \"Mobility changes in Greater Paris -Grand Paris- Historical trends, current and emerging developments\" ^ \"The time of the whole car city is over': How is Paris encouraging walking and cycling?\" ^ \"How Paris became a 15-minute city\" ^ \"Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris\" the original ^ \"2023 Airport Traffic Report\" ^ \"List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)\" Archived ^ \"ACI reveals the world's busiest passenger and cargo airports\" Archived ^ \"Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014\" Archived ^ \"Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013\" Archived ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Jefferson 2009 ^ Hart 2004 ^ Rand 2010 ^ \"La production électrique en IdF\" Archived ^ \"Paris to be heated with US wood pellets\" Archived ^ \"Historique des égouts\" the original ^ Burchell 1971 ^ \"Les égouts parisiens\" the original ^ Air pollution in Paris Archived Wayback Machine ^ \"Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in\" Archived ^ Jarrassé 2007 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ Lawrence & Gondrand 2010 ^ \"Le Jardin de Plantes\" Archived ^ Jarrassé 2007 ^ Jarrassé 2007 ^ Whaley 2012 ^ Broadwell 2007 ^ Ayers 2004 ^ \"Les 20 cimetières Parisiens\" Archived ^ \"Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris\" Archived ^ \"Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009\" Archived ^ \"L'enseignement\" the original ^ Combeau 2013 ^ \"Contact and Maps\" École Normale Supérieure the original ^ \"Classement QS 2024 : Sciences Po devient la 2ème meilleure université mondiale en \"Politics\"\" ^ Financial Times \"European Business School Rankings 2023\" ^ ARWU \"2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities\" a b \"Rapport Annuel 2008\" the original ^ \"Hotel Dieu\" Archived ^ |Where we are |publisher oecd.org |accessed on 30 August 2016 a b \"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération\" Archived ^ \"Twinning Rome – Paris\" Archived \"Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali\" Archived ^ \"Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014)\" Archived ^ \"Twinning with Rome\" the original ^ \"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération\" the original ^ \"International relations: special partners\" the original Larousse Paris ISBN 978-2-03-585012-6 Archived Les premiers habitants de l'Europe Archived The Architecture of Paris ISBN 978-3-930698-96-7 Archived Bayrou, François Henri IV: le roi libre ISBN 978-2-7028-3282-0 Archived Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949: 1944–1949 ISBN 978-0-14-191288-2 Archived The Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age ISBN 978-1-4008-3972-8 Archived National Policy Responses to Urban Challenges in Europe ISBN 978-1-4094-8725-8 Archived The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV ISBN 978-0-8223-0214-8 Archived ISBN 978-2-03-505369-5 Rough Guide to Paris ISBN 978-1-84353-078-7 Archived Rough Guide Paris Directions ISBN 978-1-84353-317-7 Archived ISBN 978-2-7071-3904-7 Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France ISBN 978-0-8018-6810-8 Archived Frommer's Paris 2013 ISBN 978-1-118-33143-9 Archived Five Hundred Buildings of Paris ISBN 978-1-60376-267-0 Archived Land Use and Soil Resources ISBN 978-1-4020-6778-5 Archived City of Light, City of Dark: Exploring Paris Below ISBN 978-1-4257-9022-6 Archived Imperial Masquerade: The Paris of Napoleon III Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0 Archived Paris and the Ile de France ISBN 978-0-86350-038-1 Archived Conflict and Change: Europe 1870–1966 Archived Encyclopedia of the Black Death ISBN 978-1-59884-254-8 Archived The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements ISBN 978-0-520-05617-6 Archived Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe ISBN 978-0-521-65098-4 Archived Histoire de Paris ISBN 978-2-13-060852-3 Histoire de Paris ISBN 978-2-13-053865-3 Archived Abelard And the Origin And Early History of Universities ISBN 978-1-4179-4646-4 Archived Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest ISBN 978-0-415-34779-2 Archived Paris ISBN 978-1-4396-4101-9 Archived Music Theory from Zarlino to Schenker: A Bibliography and Guide ISBN 978-0-918728-99-9 Archived Delamarre, Xavier ISBN 978-2-87772-369-5 ISBN 978-2-907970-91-4 ISBN 978-2-907970-98-3 ISBN 978-3-8331-1129-7 A Summer in '69 ISBN 978-1-60976-878-2 Archived La Langue Gauloise : Grammaire, Textes et Glossaire ISBN 978-2-05-100208-0 Django : The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend: The Life and Music of a Gypsy Legend ISBN 978-0-19-803743-9 Archived Gypsy Jazz : In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing: In Search of Django Reinhardt and the Soul of Gypsy Swing ISBN 978-0-19-804262-4 Archived Paris: ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie jusqu'en 1870 ISBN 978-2-910305-02-4 Archived The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire ISBN 978-0-8032-1653-2 Archived Paris as Seen and Described by Famous Writers ... Archived Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance? ISBN 978-0-203-45974-4 Archived ISBN 978-0-9557182-3-6 ISBN 978-1-74059-850-7 ISBN 978-0-7859-9300-1 Marie Antoinette in the Conciergerie, a lecture Archived Bohemian Paris: Picasso, Modigliani, Matisse, and the Birth of Modern Art ISBN 978-0-8021-3997-9 Archived Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails ISBN 978-0-7391-6749-6 Archived AARP Paris 2012 ISBN 978-1-118-26621-2 Archived The making of revolutionary Paris ISBN 978-0-520-24327-9 Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism ISBN 978-1-107-07305-0 Archived Droughts And Heat Waves: A Practical Survival Guide ISBN 978-1-4042-0536-9 Archived The European Cities and Technology Reader: Industrial to Post-industrial City ISBN 978-0-415-20082-0 Archived ISBN 978-0-415-28061-7 The World of the Paris Café: Sociability Among the French Working Class, 1789–1914 ISBN 978-0-8018-6070-6 Archived The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe ISBN 978-1-136-54768-3 Archived The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 ISBN 978-0-521-81126-2 Archived Going to Live in Paris: How to Live and Work in France's Great Capital ISBN 978-1-85703-985-6 Archived Politics and Religion in France and the United States ISBN 978-0-7391-1930-3 Archived The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps ISBN 978-1-84467-800-6 Archived A Chronological Account of the History of France 72 Paris: Capital of the World ISBN 978-0-674-03864-6 Archived Seven Ages of Paris ISBN 978-0-679-45481-6 Paris and Versailles ISBN 978-2-7131-0202-8 Archived Through the French Canals ISBN 978-1-4081-0381-4 Archived Paris: Biography of a City ISBN 978-0-14-028292-4 Archived The Cambridge Illustrated History of France 48 ISBN 978-0-521-66992-4 Grammaire des jardins parisiens: de l'héritage des rois aux créations contemporaines ISBN 978-2-84096-476-6 Archived Paris ISBN 978-1-85828-679-2 The Engaged Sociologist: Connecting the Classroom to the Community ISBN 978-1-4129-6900-0 Archived The Government and Politics of France ISBN 978-0-415-35732-6 Dover Publications ISBN 978-0-486-29078-2 Lambert, Pierre-Yves ISBN 978-2-87772-089-2 Paris (City Guide) ISBN 978-981-282-079-2 Le refrain dans la chanson française: de Bruant à Renaud ISBN 978-2-84287-096-6 Archived Inner City Poverty in Paris and London ISBN 978-0-415-41762-4 Archived The Police, State and Society: Perspectives from India and France ISBN 978-81-317-3145-1 Archived Gourmet Archived ISBN 978-2-7373-6217-0 Paris Green Guide Michelin 2012–2013 ISBN 978-2-06-718220-2 Archived Paris, City of Art ISBN 978-0-86565-226-2 Archived Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach ISBN 978-1-134-25561-0 Archived Frommer's Memorable Walks in Paris ISBN 978-0-470-03712-6 Archived Nègre, Ernest ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7 Paris Encounter ISBN 978-1-74220-503-8 Archived Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects ISBN 978-0-203-42794-1 Archived Past Forward: French Cinema and the Post-Colonial Heritage ISBN 978-0-8093-8588-1 Archived ISBN 978-1-84595-065-1 Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings ISBN 978-0-19-283557-4 Archived Planning Paris Before Haussmann ISBN 978-0-8018-7930-2 Archived Women Artists and the Parisian Avant-garde: Modernism and 'feminine Art' Art, 1900 to the Late 1920s ISBN 978-0-7190-4165-5 Archived Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: from 1600: Ideas, Politics, and Society: From the 1600s ISBN 978-1-111-83171-4 Archived The French Connection ISBN 978-1-58685-529-1 Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World ISBN 978-0-9812952-0-6 Archived Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris ISBN 978-0-330-52254-0 Archived A Literary Paris: Hemingway, Colette, Sedaris, and Others on the Uncommon Lure of the City of Light ISBN 978-1-4405-0740-3 Archived Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture ISBN 978-0-415-13187-2 Archived ISBN 978-2-13-062078-5 Yourcenar ISBN 978-1-904341-28-4 Archived Infinite variety: the life and legend of the Marchesa Casati ISBN 978-0-8166-4520-6 Archived Histoire de Paris: politique, urbanisme, civilisation ISBN 978-2-7558-0330-3 Archived Lutèce: Paris, des origines à Clovis ISBN 978-2-262-03015-5 Archived Naturalism and Symbolism in European Theatre 1850–1918 ISBN 978-0-521-23014-8 Archived ISBN 978-0-520-22537-4 Paris ISBN 978-1-84537-661-1 Archived Innovation Networks and Learning Regions? ISBN 978-0-11-702360-4 Archived Paris Fashion: A Cultural History ISBN 978-1-85973-973-0 Archived The Statue of Liberty ISBN 978-0-7607-3890-0 Archived Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 ISBN 978-1-85285-057-9 Archived Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective ISBN 978-2-7605-2209-1 Archived Les grands ensembles: une histoire qui continue ISBN 978-2-86272-260-3 Archived \"Paris\" Chisholm, Hugh Encyclopædia Britannica The Historia Occidentalis of Jacques de Vitry Archived Circles in the Sky: The Life and Times of George Ferris ISBN 978-0-7844-1010-3 Archived Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death ISBN 978-1-136-81060-2 Archived Coronation Rites 106 Rethinking the French City: Architecture, Dwelling, and Display After 1968 ISBN 978-90-420-2500-4 Archived \"Les contours d'une population susceptible d'être musulmane d'après la filiation\" ISBN 978-2-13-053723-6 Archived Bibliography of Paris Vincent Cronin Paris on the Eve, 1900–1914 HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-312-04876-1 ISBN 978-0-00-215191-7 Fayard ISBN 978-2-213-59874-1 ISBN 978-2-86930-648-6 Paris: The Biography of a City Penguin Viking ISBN 978-0-670-03393-5 ISBN 978-2-02-012864-3 ISBN 978-0-226-87023-6 Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Paris Official website v t e Paris Arrondissements Paris Centre 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th Administration Airports Charles de Gaulle Orly Archdiocese Architecture era of absolutism tallest buildings Bridges Culture music Cycling Vélib' Métropole Economy Education History timeline Landmarks Libraries Mayors Museums list Squares Topography Transport Métro Transilien Tramways RER Tourism syndrome Grand Paris Paris metropolitan area Île-de-France France v t e Paris Marseille Lyon Toulouse Nice Nantes Montpellier Strasbourg Bordeaux Lille Rennes Toulon Reims Saint-Étienne Le Havre Villeurbanne Dijon Angers Grenoble Saint-Denis, Réunion Nîmes Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis Aix-en-Provence Clermont-Ferrand Le Mans Brest Tours Amiens Annecy Limoges Metz Perpignan Boulogne-Billancourt Besançon Orléans Rouen Montreuil Caen Argenteuil Saint-Paul Mulhouse Nancy Complete list v t e Tourism in Paris Landmarks Arc de Triomphe Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Arènes de Lutèce Bourse Catacombs Conciergerie Eiffel Tower Gare d'Austerlitz Gare de l'Est Gare de Lyon Gare du Nord Gare Montparnasse Gare Saint-Lazare Grand Palais Petit Palais Institut de France Jeanne d'Arc Les Invalides Napoleon's tomb Louvre Pyramid Luxor Obelisk Odéon Opéra Bastille Opéra Garnier Panthéon Philharmonie de Paris Place Diana Flame of Liberty Porte Saint-Denis Porte Saint-Martin Sorbonne Tour Montparnasse Museums list Army Museum Bibliothèque nationale Carnavalet Centre Pompidou Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume Louis Vuitton Foundation Musée des Arts décoratifs Musée des Arts et Métiers Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris Maison de Balzac Musée Bourdelle Musée de la Cinémathèque Musée Cognacq-Jay Musée Grévin Musée Guimet Maison de Victor Hugo Musée Jacquemart-André Musée du Louvre Musée Marmottan Monet Musée de la Vie romantique Musée de Montmartre Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée national Eugène Delacroix Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée national des Monuments Français Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Musée de Cluny – Musée national du Moyen Âge Musée de l'Orangerie Musée d'Orsay Musée Pasteur Musée Picasso Musée du Quai Branly Musée Rodin Palais de la Légion d'Honneur Musée de la Légion d'honneur Palais de Tokyo Religious buildings Alexander Nevsky Cathedral American Cathedral American Church Armenian Cathedral of St. John the Baptist Chapelle expiatoire Grand Mosque Grand Synagogue Synagogue de Nazareth La Madeleine Notre-Dame de Paris Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle Notre-Dame-de-Lorette Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Sacré-Cœur Saint Ambroise Saint-Augustin Saint-Étienne-du-Mont Saint-Eustache Saint-François-Xavier Saint-Germain-des-Prés Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais Tour Saint-Jacques Saint-Jean de Montmartre Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis Saint-Pierre de Montmartre Saint-Roch Saint-Sulpice Saint-Vincent-de-Paul Sainte-Chapelle Sainte-Clotilde Sainte-Trinité Temple du Marais Val-de-Grâce Élysée Palace Hôtel de Beauvais Hôtel de Charost Hôtel de Crillon Hôtel d'Estrées Hôtel de la Païva Hôtel de Pontalba Hôtel de Sens Hôtel de Soubise Hôtel de Sully Hôtel de Ville Hôtel Lambert Hôtel Matignon Luxembourg Palace Petit Luxembourg Palais Bourbon Palais de Justice Palais de la Cité Palais-Royal Avenue de l'Opéra Avenue Foch Avenue George V Boulevard de la Madeleine Boulevard de Sébastopol Canal de l'Ourcq Canal Saint-Martin Champ de Mars Champs-Élysées Covered passages Galerie Véro-Dodat Choiseul Panoramas Galerie Vivienne Havre Jouffroy Brady Latin Quarter Le Marais Montmartre Montparnasse Place Diana Place Dauphine Place de la Bastille Place de la Concorde Place de la Nation Place de la République Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall Place des États-Unis Place des Pyramides Place des Victoires Place des Vosges Place du Carrousel Place du Châtelet Place du Tertre Place Saint-Michel Place Vendôme Pont Alexandre III Pont d'Iéna Pont de Bir-Hakeim Pont des Arts Pont Neuf Port du Louvre Rive Gauche Rue Basse Rue Bonaparte Rue Charlemagne Rue d'Argenteuil Rue de la Ferronnerie Rue de la Paix Rue de la Sourdière Rue de Montmorency Rue de Richelieu Rue de Rivoli Rue de Vaugirard Rue des Francs-Bourgeois Rue des Lombards Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré Rue Elzévir Rue Foyatier Rue Molière Rue Montorgueil Rue Radziwill Rue Rambuteau Rue Mondétour Rue Pastourelle Rue des Rosiers Rue Saint-Honoré Rue Saint-Denis Rue Sainte-Anne Saint-Germain-des-Prés Trocadéro Viaduc d'Austerlitz Parks and gardens list Bois de Boulogne Jardin d'Acclimatation Bois de Vincennes Parc floral Jardin du Luxembourg Parc André-Citroën Parc Clichy-Batignolles Parc de Belleville Parc de Bercy Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc Georges-Brassens Parc Monceau Parc Montsouris Tuileries Garden Coulée verte René-Dumont Accor Arena Auteuil Hippodrome Halle Georges Carpentier Longchamp Hippodrome Parc des Princes Piscine Molitor Porte de La Chapelle Arena Stade Jean Bouin Stade Pershing Stade Pierre de Coubertin Stade Roland Garros Stade Sébastien Charléty Vélodrome de Vincennes Vincennes Hippodrome Montmartre Cemetery Montparnasse Cemetery Passy Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery Oscar Wilde's tomb Picpus Cemetery Région parisienne Basilica of Saint-Denis Château d'Écouen Château de Chantilly Château de Fontainebleau Château de Malmaison Château de Rambouillet Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Sceaux Château Gardens of Versailles Grand Trianon Petit Trianon Fresh pavilion Château de Vincennes La Défense Grande Arche Paris La Défense Arena Disneyland Paris Disneyland Park Walt Disney Studios Park Exploradôme Fort Mont-Valérien Mémorial de la France combattante Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial France Miniature Musée de l'air et de l'espace Musée Fragonard d'Alfort Parc Astérix Parc de Saint-Cloud Provins La Roche-Guyon Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Stade de France Vaux-le-Vicomte Culture and events Bastille Day military parade Dîner en Blanc Fête de la Musique Nuit Blanche Paris Air Show Paris Fashion Week Paris-Plages Republican Guard Solidays Axe historique Bateau-Lavoir Bateaux Mouches Café des 2 Moulins Café Procope Folies Bergère Fountains in Paris La Ruche Les Deux Magots Maxim's Moulin de la Galette Moulin Rouge Paris Métro entrances Montmartre Funicular Paris Musées Paris syndrome Paris Zoological Park Pyramide inversée World Heritage Centre List of tourist attractions in Paris Art in Paris Paris syndrome v t e Paris transport network Métro RER Transilien Tramway Bus RATP Tvm Noctilien CDGVAL Orlyval Montmartre Funicular Grand Paris Express CDG Express Line 3bis and Line 7bis merger IDFM RATP SNCF Optile Keolis Transdev Navigo card Public transport fares in the Île-de-France Versement transport List of Paris Métro stations Architecture Ghost stations RER Transilien in Paris List of tram stops v t e Communes Paris metropolitan area Paris Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bobigny Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Corbeil-Essonnes Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry-Courcouronnes Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Massy Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bois-Colombes Brétigny-sur-Orge Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Champs-sur-Marne Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Cormeilles-en-Parisis La Courneuve Creil Draveil Dreux Eaubonne Élancourt Ermont Étampes Fontenay-aux-Roses Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay-sur-Seine Houilles Limeil-Brévannes Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Les Ulis Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres v t e Île-de-France Paris Essonne Évry-Courcouronnes Three arrondissements 21 cantons 194 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Hauts-de-Seine Nanterre Three arrondissements 23 cantons 36 communes 13 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Paris Paris One departmental arrondissement 1 commune 20 municipal arrondissements 80 administrative quarters 18 legislative constituencies 1 intercommunality Seine-et-Marne Melun Five arrondissements 23 cantons 507 communes 11 legislative constituencies 21 intercommunalities Seine-Saint-Denis Bobigny Three arrondissements 21 cantons 40 communes 12 legislative constituencies 4 EPTs Val-de-Marne Créteil Three arrondissements 25 cantons 47 communes 11 legislative constituencies 3 EPTs Val-d'Oise Pontoise Three arrondissements 21 cantons 184 communes 10 legislative constituencies 10 intercommunalities Yvelines Versailles Four arrondissements 21 cantons 259 communes 12 legislative constituencies 10 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The Pompidou Centre, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Musée Rodin and Musée Picasso are noted for their collections of modern and contemporary art. Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée National d'Art Moderne citation needed [ ] [ ] Lutetia [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [paʁizjɛ̃] ⓘ [paʁiɡo] ⓘ [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in clarification needed [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] merde [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Petit Palais Petit Palais [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] relevant? [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [fr] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (≥ 1.0 mm) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] conseil d'arrondissement [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Île-de-France [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] verification needed [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Crédit Agricole Crédit Agricole [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Opéra Garnier [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Musée National d'Art Moderne Musée National d'Art Moderne Petit Palais Petit Palais [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Académie française Académie française [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Les Deux Magots Les Deux Magots Les Deux Magots Les Deux Magots [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] (in French) (in Italian) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] France portal Cities portal ^ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ, French pronunciation:[paʁi]ⓘ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ⓘ /ˈpæ.rɪs/ ˈpæ.rɪs ˈ p æ . r ɪ s ⓘ French pronunciation: [paʁi] ⓘ ^ French: la Ville Lumière ^ \"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr (in French). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. ^ abcde \"Département: Paris (75); Unité urbaine: Paris (00851); Région: Île-de-France (11); Aire d'attraction des villes: Paris (001)\". insee.fr. INSEE. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 24 January 2025. . Retrieved 24 January 2025 24 January ^ abc \"Estimation de la population au 1ᵉʳ Janvier 2025 - Séries par région, département, sexe et âge\". insee.fr. INSEE. 14 January 2025. Retrieved 24 January 2025. . Retrieved 24 January 2025 24 January ^ ab Zhang, Yiqian (26 November 2019). \"Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility\". ICLEI – Sustainable Mobility, 2024. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024. . Retrieved 7 January 2024 7 January ^ Nègre 1990, p. 155. ^ abc Falileyev 2010, s.v. 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Shack, Harlem in Montmartre, A Paris Jazz Story between the Great Wars, University of California Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-520-22537-4, ^ Meisler, Stanley (April 2005). \"The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí\". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014. . Retrieved 12 July 2014 12 July ^ Goebel, Anti-Imperial MetropolisArchived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 217. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 637. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 218. ^ Fierro 1996, pp. 242–243. ^ Kim Willsher (17 October 2011). \"France remembers Algerian massacre 50 years on\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014. . Retrieved 26 October 2014 26 October ^ Fierro 1996, p. 658. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 226. ^ Fierro 1996, p. 260. ^ Sarmant 2012, p. 222. ^ Combeau 2003, pp. 107–108. ^ Bell & de-Shalit 2011, p. 247. ^ \"Paris, Banks of the Seine\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 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from 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris, and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845.", "From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France. By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.", "With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste.", "Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace, Versailles, in 1682. Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences." ] }, { "title": "Paris, France - Intercultural City - Intercultural Cities Programme - www.coe.int", "url": "https://www.coe.int/en/web/interculturalcities/paris", "description": "Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. Situated on the Seine River, in the north of the country, it is in the centre of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne, "Paris Region". The City of Paris has an area of 105 km² and a population of 2,241,346 (2014 ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Council of Europe", "site_long_name": "coe.int", "age": "2016-01-19T14:40:45.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://coe.int&size=96", "snippets": [ "Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. Situated on the Seine River, in the north of the country, it is in the centre of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne, \"Paris Region\". The City of Paris has an area of 105 km² and a population of 2,241,346 (2014 estimate)." ] }, { "title": "List of capitals of France - Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_France", "description": "This is a chronological list of capitals of France. The capital of France has been Paris since its liberation in 1944. ... Paris (987–1419), the residence of the Kings of France, although they were consecrated at Reims. Orléans (1108), one of the few consecrations of a French monarch to ...", "content": "List of capitals of France\nChronology References\nThis is a chronological list of capitals of France. The capital of France has been Paris since its liberation in 1944.[1] Provisional seats of the government:\nCatalà Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Tournai (before 486), current-day Belgium Soissons (486–936) Laon (936–987) Paris (987–1419), the residence of the Kings of France, although they were consecrated at Reims. Orléans (1108), one of the few consecrations of a French monarch to occur outside of Reims occurred at Orléans, when Louis VI the Fat was consecrated in Orléans Cathedral by Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens; from 13 December 1560 to 31 January 1561, the French States-General also met in the city. Troyes (1419–1422), for a short time during the Hundred Years' War, the city was the seat of the royal government. Bourges (1422–1444), Charles VII was forced to flee from Paris. Tours (1444–1527), Louis XI made the Château de Plessis-lez-Tours his residence. Paris (1528–1589), Francis I had established his court in Paris. Tours (1589–1594), faction of parliamentarians, faithful to King Henry IV sat at Tours. Paris (1594–1682)[citation needed] Versailles (1682–1789), from 1682 to 1715, Louis XIV made Versailles his residence and the seat of the French court. Paris (1789–1871), on 5 and 6 October 1789, a throng from Paris invaded the castle and forced the royal family to move back to Paris. The National Constituent Assembly followed the King to Paris soon afterward; Versailles lost its role of capital city. Versailles (1871), the French Third Republic established Versailles as its provisional seat of government in March 1871 after the Paris Commune took control of Paris. Bordeaux (September 1914), the government was relocated from Paris to Bordeaux very briefly during World War I, when it was feared that Paris would soon fall into German hands. These fears were alleviated after the German Army was pushed back at the First Battle of the Marne. Tours (10–13 June 1940), the city served as the temporary capital of France during World War II after the government fled Paris due to the German advance. Bordeaux (June 1940), the government was relocated from Paris to Tours then Bordeaux very briefly during World War II, when it became apparent that Paris would soon fall into German hands. Clermont-Ferrand (29 June 1940), the government was relocated from Bordeaux to Clermont-Ferrand, during a single day, before going to Vichy, which had a larger hotel capacity. Vichy (1940–1944), the Third Republic was abolished in Vichy and replaced it with the French State. Brazzaville (1940–1943), with metropolitan France under Axis powers rule, Brazzaville was announced as the seat of the Free France government. Algiers (1943–1944), the city was made the seat of Free France, to be closer to the war in Europe. Paris (1945–present day). ^(in French)\"Le retour à la République\", www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. France history-related lists Capitals by country France geography-related lists Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022\nCatalà Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Simple English Edit links Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item verification improve this article adding citations to reliable sources \"List of capitals of France\" news newspapers books scholar JSTOR Learn how and when to remove this message France liberation [1] edit Tournai Soissons Laon Paris Reims Orléans Louis VI the Fat Orléans Cathedral Daimbert Sens French States-General Troyes Hundred Years' War Bourges Charles VII Tours Louis XI Château de Plessis-lez-Tours Francis I Henry IV citation needed Versailles Louis XIV National Constituent Assembly French Third Republic Paris Commune Bordeaux World War I First Battle of the Marne World War II Clermont-Ferrand Vichy French State Brazzaville metropolitan France Axis powers Free France Algiers Free France Paris edit ^ \"Le retour à la République\" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_capitals_of_France&oldid=1297013424 Categories France history-related lists Capitals by country France geography-related lists Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022\nToggle the table of contents List of capitals of France 6 languages Català Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Simple English Edit links Article Talk English Read Edit View history Tools Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: \"List of capitals of France\" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR Find sources: \"List of capitals of France\" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR (July 2012) July 2012 (Learn how and when to remove this message) [ ] [edit] [ edit ] citation needed [edit] [ edit ] ^ (in French)\"Le retour à la République\", www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. 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The National Constituent Assembly followed the King to Paris soon afterward; Versailles lost its role of capital city.", "Troyes (1419–1422), for a short time during the Hundred Years' War, the city was the seat of the royal government. Bourges (1422–1444), Charles VII was forced to flee from Paris. Tours (1444–1527), Louis XI made the Château de Plessis-lez-Tours his residence. Paris (1528–1589), Francis I had established his court in Paris." ] }, { "title": "Paris facts: the capital of France in history", "url": "https://home.adelphi.edu/~ca19535/page%204.html", "description": "See details of Paris history. The French Kings, who governed France, from 448 until 1848, commissioned many beautiful monuments, such as Versailles Palace and the Louvre Museum. The Catholic Church and Parisians built many great churches, including Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. Paris is a world capital ...", "content": "Paris facts: Paris, the capital of France Paris facts: Paris history Paris facts: Paris, a world city Paris facts: the capital of France in history\nParis is the capital of France, the largest country of Europe with 550 000 km2 (65 millions inhabitants). Paris has 2.234 million inhabitants end 2011. She is the core of Ile de France region (12 million people). Founded more than 2000 years ago, Paris is a modern and vibrant city with significant commercial, cultural, academic, scientific, administrative, business activity. From the Romans to the Vth Republic, Paris has a rich 2000 year history. See details of Paris history. The French Kings, who governed France, from 448 until 1848, commissioned many beautiful monuments, such as Versailles Palace and the Louvre Museum. The Catholic Church and Parisians built many great churches, including Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. Paris is a world capital city of shopping and fashion, with Channel, Dior, Vuitton, Yves Saint Laurent among many other top french fashion brands. The French tradition of good food still prevails in many restaurants, including gastronomic restaurants and excellent family style places. All of this turns Paris into a unique tourist city. Before Paris, the capital of France was Lyon (under the Romans). Paris first became the capital of France in 508 under King Clovis. After centuries with no unique capital of France, Paris retrieved its status of capital of France under King Philippe Auguste, who reigned between 1180 and 1223. You can see remains of the Philippe August Paris walls in the passageway between the Louvre parking and Louvre Museum Paris remained the capital of France until today, with one four year interruption. During German occupation (WW2 , 1940-1944), the capital of France was Vichy. go to top Reference: http://www.parisdigest.com/information/facts.htm\nHom e Spain Sydney San Francisco Paris Las Vegas Maui France Europe commercial cultural business Paris history monuments Versailles Palace Louvre Museum great churches Notre Dame Sainte Chapelle shopping fashion top french fashion brands restaurants gastronomic restaurants family style places Lyon King Philippe Auguste Louvre parking and Louvre Museum Vichy go to top", "site_name": "Adelphi University", "site_long_name": "home.adelphi.edu", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [ "https://home.adelphi.edu/index.html", "file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/Desktop/mirror/index.html", "https://home.adelphi.edu/page%201.html", "https://home.adelphi.edu/page%202.html", "https://home.adelphi.edu/page%203.html", "https://home.adelphi.edu/page%204.html", "https://home.adelphi.edu/page%205.html", "https://home.adelphi.edu/page%206.html", "http://www.parisdigest.com/famous_places_in_france.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/famous_places_in_europe", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/shopping.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/goingout/showtickets.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/business.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/monument.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/chateaudeversailles.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/museums/museedulouvre.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/catholicparis.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/notredam.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/information/monument/sainte-chapelle-interior.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/fashion.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/fashion/french_fashion_paris.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/restaurants_in_paris.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/restaurants-grande-cuisine.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/restaurants-affordable.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/map_france/france_map.htm#Lyon", "http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/pantheon.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/map_france/france_map.htm#vichy", "https://home.adelphi.edu/#table_top" ], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://home.adelphi.edu&size=96", "snippets": [ "See details of Paris history. The French Kings, who governed France, from 448 until 1848, commissioned many beautiful monuments, such as Versailles Palace and the Louvre Museum. The Catholic Church and Parisians built many great churches, including Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. Paris is a world capital city of shopping and fashion, with Channel, Dior, Vuitton, Yves Saint Laurent among many other top french fashion brands.", "Before Paris, the capital of France was Lyon (under the Romans). Paris first became the capital of France in 508 under King Clovis. After centuries with no unique capital of France, Paris retrieved its status of capital of France under King Philippe Auguste, who reigned between 1180 and 1223.", "Paris is the capital of France, the largest country of Europe with 550 000 km2 (65 millions inhabitants).", "Paris remained the capital of France until today, with one four year interruption." ] }, { "title": "Paris | Definition, Map, Population, Facts, & History | Britannica", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/Paris", "description": "Paris, city and capital of France, located along the Seine River, in the north-central part of the country. Paris is one of the world’s most important and attractive cities, famed for its gastronomy, haute couture, painting, literature, and intellectual community.", "content": null, "site_name": "Encyclopedia Britannica", "site_long_name": "britannica.com", "age": "2025-09-09T21:50:04.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://britannica.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://cdn.britannica.com/36/135436-050-ED1D0FCE/skyline-Eiffel-Tower-France-Paris.jpg", "snippets": [ "What investigators know about destabilization actions in France • Sep. 14, 2025, 2:05 AM ET (Le Monde) ‘Block Everything’ protests turn new French PM’s first day into chaos • Sep. 10, 2025, 7:00 PM ET (AP) Zelenskyy, European leaders push for US-backed security guarantees amid ongoing Russian strikes • Sep. 4, 2025, 8:39 AM ET (AP) Show less · Paris, city and capital of France, situated in the north-central part of the country.", "Paris’s site at a crossroads of both water and land routes significant not only to France but also to Europe has had a continuing influence on its growth. Under Roman administration, in the 1st century bce, the original site on the Île de la Cité was designated the capital of the Parisii tribe and territory.", "The Frankish king Clovis I had taken Paris from the Gauls by 494 ce and later made his capital there. Under Hugh Capet (ruled 987–996) and the Capetian dynasty the preeminence of Paris was firmly established, and Paris became the political and cultural hub as modern France took shape.", "Paris is the national capital of France." ] }, { "title": "Discover the city of Paris | Paris the capital city of France", "url": "https://www.cia-france.com/french-kids-teenage-courses/paris-school/visit-paris", "description": "Discover Paris and learn French, the pleasure of making progress. Paris is the city to visit while improving your French.", "content": null, "site_name": "CIA France", "site_long_name": "cia-france.com", "age": "2022-12-01T13:06:43.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://cia-france.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.cia-france.com/media/121/presentation-paris_1920x1080.jpg", "snippets": [ "Paris is the city of romance par excellence, the fashion capital and the best example of French art de vivre. Exploring Paris is an essential rite of passage for anyone who decides to learn French and get to know France. There are so many things to do and see in Paris that, however long you stay, it won't seem long enough.", "You can climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower to enjoy breathtaking views of the city, wander along the Champs-Elysées, visit the Louvre, have fun at Disneyland Paris, go shopping or window-shopping in the stores of Le Marais and the Place des Vosges. Enjoying an ice-cream or macaroons on a terrace, enjoying the parks and gardens, seeing a musical or taking part in an Escape Game are all things you can do in the capital.", "In Paris, our program meets the expectations of juniors and the requirements of their parents. Teens are sure to love their stay on an international campus with other teens from the world over, as well as activities, parties and exploring the curiosities of the capital.", "In terms of internet access, there are many internet cafés and free wifi in public places (libraries, parks etc.). In terms of transport, the métro (subway) and RER (regional train network) run between 6 a.m. and 1 a.m. At night, the Noctilien (night bus) runs from 0:30 to 5:30 a.m." ] }, { "title": "France | History, Maps, Flag, Population, Cities, Capital, & Facts | Britannica", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/place/France", "description": "France, a country of northwestern Europe, is historically and culturally among the most important countries in the Western world. It has also played a highly significant role in international affairs for centuries. Its capital is Paris, one of the most important cultural and commercial centers ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Encyclopedia Britannica", "site_long_name": "britannica.com", "age": "2025-09-11T17:15:04.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://britannica.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://cdn.britannica.com/82/682-050-8AA3D6A6/Flag-France.jpg", "snippets": [ "France, a country of northwestern Europe, is historically and culturally among the most important countries in the Western world. It has also played a highly significant role in international affairs for centuries. Its capital is Paris, one of the most important cultural and commercial centers in the world.", "As one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—together with the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, and China—France has the right to veto decisions put to the council. ... The capital and by far the most important city of France is Paris, one of the world’s preeminent cultural and commercial centres.", "France, 1180 to c. 1490 ... While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. ... Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ... Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. ... John N. Tuppen · Professor of Intercultural Communication and Linguistics, Lyon College of Business, France.", "Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... ... France sends jets to Poland, the UK ramps up sanctions in a signal to Russia not to escalate • Sep." ] }, { "title": "What is the capital of France? Overview of Paris/", "url": "https://www.iroamly.com/france-travel/what-is-the-capital-of-france.html", "description": "Dive into the charm of Paris, the capital of France! Explore its rich history, iconic attractions, and delectable cuisine in our guide. Click to learn more!", "content": null, "site_name": "iRoamly", "site_long_name": "iroamly.com", "age": "2024-11-28T17:42:20.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://iroamly.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.iroamly.com/images/article/france/city-of-lights.webp", "snippets": [ "Dive into the charm of Paris, the capital of France! Explore its rich history, iconic attractions, and delectable cuisine in our guide. Click to learn more!/", "One interruption in Paris's role as capital came during the French Revolution, when fear of Parisian rebellion saw the revolutionary government declare the capital to be Versailles in 1789. · Its reign lasted less than two years, however, and the city swiftly resumed its role. In the centuries since, the city — for better or worse — has come to embody France itself, enduring fires, plagues, wars, and rebellions.", "Enjoy exploring the past, relishing the present, and marveling at the landscape and soul of Paris. · It's not just France's capital—it's a world unto itself, waiting to be explored for its every delight.", "Paris, being the culinary capital of France, has a gastronomic scene second to none." ] }, { "title": "Five interesting facts about Paris you need to know! - BBC Bitesize", "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z6cjfdm", "description": "Paris is the capital city of France and a cultural and culinary hub. In 2024 it played host to its third Olympic Games.", "content": null, "site_name": "BBC", "site_long_name": "British Broadcasting Corporation", "age": "2024-09-17T08:39:25.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://bbc.co.uk&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p0jqdt8c.jpg", "snippets": [ "Do you know these fabulous French facts and about the City of Lights, Paris? Discover our top 5 Paris facts and learn more about the French capital.", "The first exhibition contained just 537 paintings, while today the museum displays more than 35,000 works of art. That means if you spent just 30 seconds looking at each piece, you would be in the museum for more than 200 days. Arguably the most famous artwork housed within the gallery is the Mona Lisa (La Gioconda in Italian), painted by Leonardo da Vinci sometime between 1503 and 1519. The painting depicts a woman in a half-body portrait with the sitter’s position mostly turned toward the viewer, a groundbreaking idea at the time. King Francis I, whom we met earlier, acquired the work after da Vinci’s death.", "To put it simply, Age of Enlightenment + Paris = The City of Light. ... In the late 19th century, the race to develop technology for capturing and displaying moving pictures was well underway. The two countries leading the charge were France and the USA.", "American Thomas Edison and his modestly self-titled Edison company were the first to produce a moving picture for the masses – well, masses of one. His device, the Kinetoscope, enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. ... But the first people to present projected moving pictures to a paying audience, in anything like the cinemas we have today, were the Lumière brothers in December 1895 in Paris, France." ] }, { "title": "Why is Paris the capital of France instead of Lyon, which is larger and more centrally located? - Quora", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Paris-the-capital-of-France-instead-of-Lyon-which-is-larger-and-more-centrally-located", "description": "Answer (1 of 3): Most capitals around the world are not central. Some are sea-ports, so being inland would not work too well. As in other European countries, the machinery of government was assembled long ago in a place that suited the King and has remained there ever since. The kingdom of Franc...", "content": null, "site_name": "Quora", "site_long_name": "quora.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://quora.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-custom-t-1299-600x315-nfjunofpvfnkizbcsfmsrvtczfjvqyqt.jpeg" }, { "title": "Overview of France - Welcome to France", "url": "https://www.welcometofrance.com/en/fiche/overview-of-france", "description": "Discover the latest information about Overview of France on Welcome to France website numerous sheets dedicated to foreign talents wishing to settle in France", "content": null, "site_name": "Welcome to France", "site_long_name": "welcometofrance.com", "age": "2019-12-17T10:05:44.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://welcometofrance.com&size=96", "snippets": [ "Accueil > Overview of France · Thématiques · Day-to-day life Discover France · Date de mise à jour 17/12/2019 · Surface area: 633,186 sq. km. Population 66.6 million · Capital city: Paris · Official language: French · Currency: Euro (EUR) System of government: Republic ·", "Prime Minister (Head of Government): Mr. Sébastien LECORNU · The climate in mainland France is temperate, with quite significant regional differences. Temperatures are relatively mild and rainfall occurs throughout the year. Regional variations occur due to latitude and differences in distance to the sea or mountainous areas.", "President of the Republic (Head of State): Mr." ] }, { "title": "What are the three official capitals of France and which one is the most commonly visited? - Quora", "url": "https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-three-official-capitals-of-France-and-which-one-is-the-most-commonly-visited", "description": "Answer (1 of 3): Is it a serious question? France has only one official capital, which is Paris, which is The official capital of France, it is the country's political, cultural, and economic center.", "content": null, "site_name": "Quora", "site_long_name": "quora.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://quora.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-custom-t-1299-600x315-nfjunofpvfnkizbcsfmsrvtczfjvqyqt.jpeg" }, { "title": "What is the Capital of France? | Mappr", "url": "https://www.mappr.co/capital-cities/france/", "description": "Paris is the capital of France. Also known as the "City of Light," is not only the capital but also the most populous city of France. Paris is renowned", "content": null, "site_name": "Mappr", "site_long_name": "mappr.co", "age": "2024-03-13T03:25:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://mappr.co&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://cdn.mappr.co/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/pont-neuf-paris-sunrise.jpg", "snippets": [ "However, Paris only became the official capital of France during the reign of Clovis I, in the late 5th and early 6th century. Before Clovis, the Merovingian kings did not rule from a fixed capital, but Clovis established his court in Paris, effectively making it the capital.", "Paris is the capital of France. Also known as the “City of Light,” is not only the capital but also the most populous city of France.", "Since then, with some interruptions, Paris has remained the capital of France.", "In the 5th century, as the Roman Empire declined, the Franks, a group of Germanic tribes, took control of the region. During this period, Clovis I made Paris his capital, marking the beginning of the Merovingian Dynasty and the city’s ascension to national prominence." ] }, { "title": "Facts About France | Map, Population & Capital | Study.com", "url": "https://study.com/academy/lesson/facts-about-france-location-population-history.html", "description": "Explore the France population, the culture, geography of France, and other relevant facts. ... France is a large European country. The capital of France is Paris, a well-known city. France is very culturally influential.", "content": null, "site_name": "Study.com", "site_long_name": "study.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://study.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://study.com/images/StudyCom-og-Facebook-Logo.jpg", "snippets": [ "France has one of the highest life expectancies in the world, demonstrating its wealth. It does, however, have an average fertility rate and a below-average birth rate. Paris is the capital of France and one of the most well-known cities in the world.", "Most of France is classified as having an oceanic climate, though the southern regions are Mediterranean in classification. It generally has cool winters and mild summers, with the southern reaches being especially dry and the northern reaches occasionally having cold winters. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account · France is a Western European country. Its capital is Paris, which is well-known for various important sites such as the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, and the Louvre.", "France's official name is the French Republic. France is a democratic country with a republic form of government. This has been the case for many years. France's capital is Paris. France has a population of 68 million. The language of France (French) is spoken by many more millions of people across the world.", "The following is a map of France proper, including Corsica. The capital city of Paris can be found in the northern part of the country." ] }, { "title": "Me: What is the capital of France? Qwen3-30b- ...", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/sanand0_me-what-is-the-capital-of-france-qwen3-activity-7324655268640829444-Qm1Q", "description": "Login to LinkedIn to keep in touch with people you know, share ideas, and build your career.", "content": null, "site_name": "LinkedIn", "site_long_name": "linkedin.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://linkedin.com&size=96" }, { "title": "r/AskHistorians on Reddit: When did paris first become the capital of france?", "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/18yz331/when_did_paris_first_become_the_capital_of_france/", "description": "Okay having some articals online saying it was in 987 but i thought it was the capital during Charles the balds reign am I misremembering or is the…", "content": null, "site_name": "Reddit", "site_long_name": "reddit.com", "age": "2024-01-05T05:29:19.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://reddit.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.redditstatic.com/icon.png", "snippets": [ "Okay having some articals online saying it was in 987 but i thought it was the capital during Charles the balds reign am I misremembering or is the internet oversimplifying things?", "Season 2 out now! | From (2022- TV series): From is an American science fiction-horror television series created and written by John Griffin and executive produced by the Russo brothers. FROM unravels the mystery of a nightmarish town in middle America that traps all those who enter.", "I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns.", "As the unwilling residents fight to keep a sense of normalcy and search for a way out, they must also survive the threats of the surrounding forest; including terrifying creatures that come out at night." ] }, { "title": "What is the Capital of France? - WorldAtlas", "url": "https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-capital-of-france.html", "description": "Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the country's largest city.", "content": null, "site_name": "WorldAtlas", "site_long_name": "worldatlas.com", "age": "2018-06-29T19:23:46.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://worldatlas.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w2560-q80/upload/71/61/3a/shutterstock-111362132.jpg", "snippets": [ "Paris is the capital city of France. The city has an approximate area of 41 square miles with a population of 2,206,488 people as of 2018. Contrary to popular belief, the name of the city did not come from the Paris in Greek myths. Instead, the name Paris is derived from the city’s initial inhabitants who were part of the Celtic Parisii tribe.", "As the capital city of France, the city plays host to the national government of France. Even the official residence of the president is in the city at the Élysée Palace while the Prime Minister is housed at the Hôtel Matignon. The Senate or the upper house meets at the Palais du Luxembourg while the Palais Bourbon is the meeting point for the Assemblée Nationale.", "The top 10 French Fortune Global 500 companies have their headquarters in or close to the city. With a GDP of approximately $850 billion, Paris is the country’s leader for economic activities. In 2011, the city emerged fourth in per-capita GDP rankings in Europe while it ranked second among Europe’s regions.", "Located in the north of Central France, the city is relatively flat with the highest point being 427 feet (which is Montmartre) above sea level while the lowest point is 115 feet above the sea level. In a sentence, the climate of Paris can be described as being between mild and moderately wet throughout the year." ] }, { "title": "[FREE] What is the capital of France? 1. Paris 2. London 3. Rome - brainly.com", "url": "https://brainly.com/question/40540183", "description": "✅ This answer is FREE! See the answer to your question: What is the capital of France? 1. Paris 2. London 3. Rome - brainly.com", "content": null, "site_name": "Brainly", "site_long_name": "brainly.com", "age": "2023-10-21T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://brainly.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://styleguide.brainly.com/images/favicons/brainly/favicon200x200-dc867a5866.png", "snippets": [ "The city has played a significant role in various historical events, including the French Revolution, which started in 1789 and led to the establishment of modern France. In comparison, London is the capital of the United Kingdom, and Rome is the capital of Italy; both cities have their own unique histories and cultural significance.", "For example, if someone plans to visit France, they would likely consider visiting Paris for its famous landmarks and vibrant culture. As a major cultural and political center, Paris has been recognized since the Middle Ages, making it a well-established capital. ... You are experiencing issues when trying to transfer files between two computers using FTP. What could be the potential cause(s) of the issue", "The capital of France is Paris, while London and Rome are capitals of the United Kingdom and Italy, respectively.", "The** capital of France** is Paris." ] }, { "title": "What is the capital of France? – TFD Supplies", "url": "https://www.tfdsupplies.com/blogs/blog/what-is-the-capital-of-france", "description": "Paris Paris, city and capital of France, situated in the north-central part of the country. People were living on the site of the present-day city, located along the Seine River some 233 miles (375 km) upstream from the river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche), by about 7600 bce.", "content": null, "site_name": "TFD Supplies", "site_long_name": "tfdsupplies.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://tfdsupplies.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "http://www.tfdsupplies.com/cdn/shop/articles/My_Post_-_2021-03-05T092511.126_1024x1024.jpg?v=1614958129" }, { "title": "Paris celebrates 2,000th birthday | July 8, 1951 | HISTORY", "url": "https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/july-8/paris-celebrates-2000th-birthday", "description": "Paris, the capital city of France, celebrates turning 2,000 years old. The City of Lights was most likely founded aro...", "content": null, "site_name": "HISTORY", "site_long_name": "history.com", "age": "2025-05-27T19:44:03.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://history.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://res.cloudinary.com/aenetworks/image/upload/c_fill,w_1200,h_630,g_auto/dpr_auto/f_auto/q_auto:eco/v1/55752370_awhdev", "snippets": [ "On July 8, 1951, Paris, the capital city of France, celebrates turning 2,000 years old.", "By 52 B.C., Julius Caesar and the Romans had taken over the area, which eventually became Christianized and known as Lutetia, Latin for “midwater dwelling.” The settlement later spread to both the left and right banks of the Seine and the name Lutetia was replaced with “Paris.” In 987 A.D., Paris became the capital of France.", "Convicted of murder on meager evidence, the singing Wobbly Joe Hill is sentenced on July 8, 1914 to be executed in Utah. 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"http://www.parisdigest.com/famous_places_in_europe", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/shopping.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/goingout/showtickets.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/business.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/history/paris_history.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/monument.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/chateaudeversailles.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/museums/museedulouvre.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/catholicparis.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/notredam.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/information/monument/sainte-chapelle-interior.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/fashion.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/fashion/french_fashion_paris.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/restaurants_in_paris.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/restaurants-grande-cuisine.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/menus/restaurants-affordable.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/map_france/france_map.htm#Lyon", "http://www.parisdigest.com/monument/pantheon.htm", "http://www.parisdigest.com/map_france/france_map.htm#vichy", "https://home.adelphi.edu/#table_top" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 11, "output_tokens": 30012, "inference_time_tokens": 1042, "total_tokens": 31065 } } ``` # Deep Research Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/web/deep-research POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research Effortlessly run deep research and get high-quality results powered with AI. ### Body The search value. The maximum query character length is 400. Controls the inclusion of offensive results in the search results.
  • `moderate`
  • `strict`
  • `off`
Spell check the search query. Specifies the depth of research by controlling the number of recursive iterations the framework performs. A higher value enables more thorough but longer searches. Determines the breadth of research by limiting the number of parallel subqueries generated at each depth level. A higher value provides wider coverage of related topics. The maximum number of tokens in the generated output report. The target number of tokens for the generated output report. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The search query that was processed. The comprehensive research report generated based on the query. Array of source objects used to generate the research report. The title of the source. The URL of the source. Brief description of the source. The content of the source as plain text, or null if content could not be retrieved. The name of the website. The full/long name of the website. The age/freshness of the content as an ISO date string. The language of the content. Array of image URLs found in the content. Array of links found in the content. Indicates whether this specific source is considered safe. URL to the website's favicon. URL to a thumbnail image for the source. Array of relevant text snippets from the source. Array of related result objects. Title of the related result. URL of the related result. Description of the related result. Indicates whether this related result is considered safe. Array of geographic/location-based search results. The type of geographic result. Complete address of the location. Name of the location. Preferred name for the location. Formatted place name. Postal/ZIP code of the location. District of the location. Place/city name. Region information. Name of the region. Short region code. Full region code. Country information. Name of the country. Two-letter country code. Three-letter country code. Language of the location data. GeoJSON Point object with coordinates. The type of GeoJSON object. Always "Point" for location coordinates. Array containing \[longitude, latitude] coordinates for the location. Array of point of interest categories. Additional properties for the location. Array of image URLs found in the research sources. Array of links found in the research sources. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.deep_research({ "query": "What is the meaning of life?" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.web.deep_research({ "query": "What is the meaning of life?" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"query":"What is the meaning of life?"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'What is the meaning of life?' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"query":"What is the meaning of life?"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"query\":\"What is the meaning of life?\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "query": "What is the meaning of life?" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"query":"What is the meaning of life?"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"query\":\"What is the meaning of life?\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/deep_research"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { query = "What is the meaning of life?" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "query": "What is the meaning of life?", "results": "The question \"What is the meaning of life?\" has captivated thinkers across cultures and eras, inspiring a vast array of responses from philosophy, religion, science, and psychology. Each perspective offers unique insights, and together they reveal the complexity and richness of this enduring inquiry.\n\nPhilosophical Perspectives\n\nPhilosophers have long debated whether life has an inherent meaning or whether meaning must be created by individuals. Existentialists such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus argue that life has no predetermined purpose; instead, individuals are free—and indeed compelled—to create their own meaning through choices and actions. Sartre’s dictum, “existence precedes essence,” encapsulates this view: humans are not born with a set purpose but must forge their own paths, embracing personal responsibility and authenticity in the face of an indifferent universe [[1](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)][[14](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)][[11](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)]. Camus, meanwhile, highlights the \"absurdity\" of seeking meaning in a universe that offers none, yet suggests that one can find value in the struggle itself, as illustrated by his famous metaphor of Sisyphus [[10](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)][[9](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life)].\n\nIn contrast, virtue ethicists like Aristotle propose that the meaning of life is found in the pursuit of eudaimonia—flourishing or living in accordance with virtue. For Aristotle, a meaningful life is one that fulfills human potential through rational activity and moral excellence [[8](https://medium.com/@edwardoreid/finding-meaning-and-purpose-in-life-a-philosophical-perspective-557f24709484)][[7](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-philosophical-perspective-kevin-halliday)][[16](https://philosophynow.org/issues/101/What_Is_Life)]. Utilitarian philosophers, on the other hand, suggest that meaning is derived from maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering for the greatest number of people [[11](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)].\n\nNihilism, as articulated by thinkers like Nietzsche, contends that life is inherently meaningless, and that traditional sources of meaning—such as religion or objective moral values—are illusory. However, even within nihilism, some philosophers argue for the possibility of creating subjective meaning despite the absence of objective purpose [[9](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life)][[2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life)].\n\nReligious and Spiritual Interpretations\n\nReligious traditions often provide structured answers to the question of life’s meaning, typically rooted in the existence of a higher power or ultimate reality. In the Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), life’s purpose is often seen as serving God, cultivating virtue, and preparing for an afterlife or spiritual union with the divine [[23](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Meaning_of_life)][[30](https://religionsdepths.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-various-religions/)][[24](https://www.cslewis.org/journal/the-image-of-god-religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-toward-a-christian-philosophical-anthropology/)]. Many Eastern religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, emphasize spiritual growth, the pursuit of enlightenment, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth (moksha or nirvana) as central to life’s meaning [[30](https://religionsdepths.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-various-religions/)][[23](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Meaning_of_life)].\n\nDespite doctrinal differences, most religions share two core teachings: the ethic of reciprocity (the \"Golden Rule\") and the cultivation of spiritual qualities that prepare individuals for a higher state of being or afterlife [[23](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Meaning_of_life)]. Religious involvement and community also provide a sense of belonging and shared purpose, which can enhance psychological well-being and resilience [[21](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4580713/)][[28](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406504000064)][[27](https://psyche.co/ideas/religion-gives-life-meaning-can-anything-else-take-its-place)].\n\nSome spiritual traditions, including esoteric branches within major religions, focus less on external rewards and more on living deeply and authentically in the present, seeking wholeness and connection with the universe [[29](https://www.snsociety.org/the-meaning-of-life/)].Scientific and Psychological Perspectives\n\nModern scientific and psychological research approaches the question of life’s meaning by examining how individuals experience purpose, significance, and coherence in their lives. Rather than positing a universal or metaphysical answer, these disciplines focus on the tangible effects of meaning and purpose on human well-being and flourishing.\n\nPsychological studies consistently find that a sense of meaning in life is a fundamental human need, closely linked to positive mental and physical health outcomes. People who perceive their lives as meaningful report greater happiness, resilience, and life satisfaction, and are less likely to experience depression, addiction, or suicidal ideation [[35](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601899/full)][[41](https://positivepsychology.com/find-your-purpose-of-life/)][[45](https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/purpose-in-life-less-stress-better-mental-health)][[46](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-waves/201901/the-power-purpose-and-meaning-in-life)]. Meaning in life is typically defined by three components: significance (feeling that one’s life matters), purpose (having overarching life goals), and coherence (seeing one’s life as comprehensible and ordered) [[34](https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/2021/07/13/the-psychology-of-purpose-in-life/)][[35](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601899/full)][[44](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)].\n\nResearch shows that meaning can be found in diverse domains—relationships, work, creative pursuits, service to others, and personal growth. Viktor Frankl, a psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor, famously argued that even in the direst circumstances, the search for meaning is a primary human drive, and that those who find purpose are more resilient in the face of suffering [[33](https://www.templeton.org/discoveries/the-psychology-of-purpose)]. Interventions such as “life crafting”—reflecting on values, passions, and goals, and making concrete plans to pursue them—have been shown to help individuals discover and sustain a sense of purpose [[40](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6923189/)][[49](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02778/full)].\n\nFrom an evolutionary and biological perspective, some scientists suggest that the drive for meaning may be an adaptive trait, promoting survival, cooperation, and social cohesion [[38](https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/05/what-lifes-purpose-yale-psychiatrist-looks-science-answers)]. Others argue that, while evolution does not provide an ultimate purpose, humans are uniquely capable of creating meaning through conscious reflection and choice [[38](https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/05/what-lifes-purpose-yale-psychiatrist-looks-science-answers)][[36](https://www.templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Psychology-of-Purpose.pdf)].\n\nContemporary and Popular Culture Viewpoints\n\nIn popular culture, the search for meaning is often depicted as a personal journey, shaped by individual experiences, relationships, and aspirations. Many people draw on a mix of philosophical, religious, and scientific ideas, crafting their own answers to life’s big questions. The recurring themes—connection, growth, contribution, and authenticity—reflect the enduring human desire to live a life that feels worthwhile and significant [[17](https://philosophynow.org/issues/147/Why_Youre_Probably_Wrong_About_The_Meaning_of_Life)][[14](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)].\n\nConclusion\n\nThe meaning of life remains an open and deeply personal question, with no single answer that satisfies all perspectives. Philosophical traditions debate whether meaning is discovered or created; religious and spiritual paths offer frameworks rooted in transcendence and community; scientific and psychological research highlights the tangible benefits of purpose and meaning for well-being. Ultimately, the search for meaning is itself a vital part of the human experience—one that invites each person to reflect, connect, and contribute in ways that resonate with their deepest values and aspirations [[1](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)][[14](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)][[23](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Meaning_of_life)][[35](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601899/full)][[46](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-waves/201901/the-power-purpose-and-meaning-in-life)].\n\n\n\n## References\n\n1. [The Meaning of Life (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)\n2. [Meaning of life - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life)\n3. [Meaning of LIfe: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/)\n4. [7 Philosophies of the Meaning of Life that I Find Interesting | by Rolend | Medium](https://medium.com/@rolendpetalcorin/7-philosophies-of-the-meaning-of-life-that-interest-me-4a2c5ca72daf)\n5. [Meaning of Life, The: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/)\n6. [r/askphilosophy on Reddit: What is truly the meaning of life?](https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/ys7vtg/what_is_truly_the_meaning_of_life/)\n7. [The Meaning of Life: A Philosophical Perspective](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-philosophical-perspective-kevin-halliday)\n8. [Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life: A Philosophical Perspective | by Edward Reid | Medium](https://medium.com/@edwardoreid/finding-meaning-and-purpose-in-life-a-philosophical-perspective-557f24709484)\n9. [nietzsche - Various Philosopher's Perspective on the Meaning or Purpose of Life - Philosophy Stack Exchange](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life)\n10. [4 philosophical answers to the meaning of life - Big Think](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)\n11. [The meaning of life: exploring different philosophical perspectives](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)\n12. [r/Existentialism on Reddit: What is the meaning of life? Why are we here?](https://www.reddit.com/r/Existentialism/comments/qhrf9q/what_is_the_meaning_of_life_why_are_we_here/)\n13. [Philosophies That Can Change The Way You Look At Life | by Valerie | Dare To Be Better | Medium](https://medium.com/dare-to-be-better/philosophies-that-can-change-the-way-you-look-at-life-92162c8427b5)\n14. [What is the Meaning of Life: A Comprehensive Exploration and Analysis](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)\n15. [The Meaning of Life: What’s the Point? - 1000-Word Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology](https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2023/02/06/meaning-of-life/)\n16. [What Is Life? | Issue 101 | Philosophy Now](https://philosophynow.org/issues/101/What_Is_Life)\n17. [Why You’re (Probably) Wrong About The Meaning of Life | Issue 147 | Philosophy Now](https://philosophynow.org/issues/147/Why_Youre_Probably_Wrong_About_The_Meaning_of_Life)\n18. [What is the philosophical meaning of life? - Quora](https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-meaning-of-life-in-a-philosophical-sense)\n19. [The Meaning of Life Examine different philosophical perspectives on the meaning or purpose of human - CliffsNotes](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)\n20. [Meaning of life | EBSCO Research Starters](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/meaning-life)\n21. [The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4580713/)\n22. [r/religion on Reddit: Whats the meaning of life according to your religion?](https://www.reddit.com/r/religion/comments/rpzogc/whats_the_meaning_of_life_according_to_your/)\n23. [Meaning of life - New World Encyclopedia](https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Meaning_of_life)\n24. [The Image of God, Religion, and the Meaning of Life: Toward a Christian Philosophical Anthropology – In Pursuit of Truth | A Journal of Christian Scholarship](https://www.cslewis.org/journal/the-image-of-god-religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-toward-a-christian-philosophical-anthropology/)\n25. [What Is the Meaning of Life? | Desiring God](https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-is-the-meaning-of-life)\n26. [The Meaning of Life | Answers from World Religions and Philosophy | The Gallerist](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)\n27. [Religion gives life meaning. Can anything else take its place? | Psyche Ideas](https://psyche.co/ideas/religion-gives-life-meaning-can-anything-else-take-its-place)\n28. [Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning - ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406504000064)\n29. [The Meaning of Life? – The Spiritual Naturalist Society](https://www.snsociety.org/the-meaning-of-life/)\n30. [The Meaning of Life According to Various Religions - Religion's Depths](https://religionsdepths.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-various-religions/)\n31. [Religion and the Meaning of Life](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religion-and-the-meaning-of-life/2C118CBF40B68F288B9010457F78571E)\n32. [Symbols of Life - Their Spiritual Power and Meaning | DUBLEZ](https://www.dublez.com/symbols-of-life-their-spiritual-power-and-meaning-a154)\n33. [Purpose Archives - John Templeton Foundation](https://www.templeton.org/discoveries/the-psychology-of-purpose)\n34. [The psychology of purpose in life - Center for Healthy Aging](https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/2021/07/13/the-psychology-of-purpose-in-life/)\n35. [Frontiers | Why Meaning in Life Matters for Societal Flourishing](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601899/full)\n36. [The Psychology of Purpose](https://www.templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Psychology-of-Purpose.pdf)\n37. [Meaning in Life: An Important Factor for the Psychological Well-Being of Chronically Ill Patients? - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4113206/)\n38. [What is life’s purpose? A Yale psychiatrist looks to science for answers | Yale News](https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/05/what-lifes-purpose-yale-psychiatrist-looks-science-answers)\n39. [‘What’s Your Purpose in Life?’ Psychology Prof Explains Why that Question Makes All the Difference - Cornellians | Cornell University](https://alumni.cornell.edu/cornellians/purpose-psychology/)\n40. [Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6923189/)\n41. [15 Ways to Find Your Purpose of Life & Realize Your Meaning](https://positivepsychology.com/find-your-purpose-of-life/)\n42. [Sense of Purpose in Life and Subsequent Physical, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Health: An Outcome-Wide Approach - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8669210/)\n43. [Purpose in life: A psychological construct that indicates positive development](https://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2017.02192)\n44. [Meaning and Purpose | The Human Flourishing Program](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)\n45. [Psychiatry.org - Purpose in Life Can Lead to Less Stress, Better Mental Well-being](https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/purpose-in-life-less-stress-better-mental-health)\n46. [The Power of Purpose and Meaning in Life | Psychology Today](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-waves/201901/the-power-purpose-and-meaning-in-life)\n47. [Purpose in Life and Associated Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms | Journal of Happiness Studies](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-024-00771-6)\n48. [Sense of Purpose in Life and Five Health Behaviors in Older Adults - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7494628/)\n49. [Frontiers | Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02778/full)\n", "sources": [ { "title": "The Meaning of Life (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/", "description": "Seachris, J., 2021, “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective”, in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.", "content": null, "site_name": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "site_long_name": "plato.stanford.edu", "age": "2007-05-15T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://plato.stanford.edu&size=96", "snippets": [ "Goetz, S., 2012, The Purpose of Life: A Theistic Perspective, New York: Continuum. Goldman, A., 2018, Life’s Values: Pleasure, Happiness, Well-Being, and Meaning, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greene, P., 2021, “It Doesn’t Matter Because One Day It Will End”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 24: 165–82. Hanfling, O., 1987, The Quest for Meaning, New York: Basil Blackwell Inc. Hare, R. M., 1957, “Nothing Matters”, repr. in Applications of Moral Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1972: 32–47.", "Metz, T., 2021, “Life, Meaning of”, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E. Mason (ed.). O’Brien, W., 2021, “The Meaning of Life: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives”, in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.", "Seachris, J., 2021, “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective”, in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.", "Some think of the afterlife in terms of one’s soul entering a transcendent, spiritual realm (Heaven), while others conceive of one’s soul getting reincarnated into another body on Earth. According to the extreme version, if one has a soul but fails to put it in the right state (or if one lacks a soul altogether), then one’s life is meaningless. There are three prominent arguments for an extreme soul-based perspective." ], "reference_number": 1 }, { "title": "Meaning of life - Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life", "description": "Wong has proposed that whether life is meaningful depends not only on subjective feelings but, more importantly, on whether a person's goal-striving and life as a whole is meaningful according to some objective normative standard. The philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life are those ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Wikipedia", "site_long_name": "en.wikipedia.org", "age": "2025-09-10T17:06:49.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://en.wikipedia.org&size=96", "snippets": [ "Wong has proposed that whether life is meaningful depends not only on subjective feelings but, more importantly, on whether a person's goal-striving and life as a whole is meaningful according to some objective normative standard. The philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies that explain life in terms of ideals or abstractions defined by humans.", "The Legalists believed that finding the purpose of life was a meaningless effort. To the Legalists, only practical knowledge was valuable, especially as it related to the function and performance of the state. The religious perspectives on the meaning of life are those ideologies that explain life in terms of an implicit purpose not defined by humans.", "The meaning of life is the concept of an individual's life, or existence in general, having an inherent significance or a philosophical point. There is no consensus on the specifics of such a concept or whether the concept itself even exists in any objective sense.", "Thinking and discourse on the topic is sought in the English language through questions such as—but not limited to—\"What is the meaning of life?\", \"What is the purpose of existence?\", and \"Why are we here?\". There have been many proposed answers to these questions from many different cultural and ideological backgrounds. The search for life's meaning has produced much philosophical, scientific, theological, and metaphysical speculation throughout history.", "Since a man does not alter, and his moral character remains absolutely the same all through his life; since he must play out the part which he has received, without the least deviation from the character; since neither experience, nor philosophy, nor religion can effect any improvement in him, the question arises, What is the meaning of life at all?" ], "reference_number": 2 }, { "title": "Meaning of LIfe: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "url": "https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/", "description": "Looking back further into the origin of the worldview concept strengthens the connection between worldview and life’s meaning, and offers important clues that a worldview provides a kind of sense-making meaning. Nineteenth century German historian and philosopher, Wilhelm Dilthey, spoke of ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "site_long_name": "iep.utm.edu", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://iep.utm.edu&size=96", "snippets": [ "Looking back further into the origin of the worldview concept strengthens the connection between worldview and life’s meaning, and offers important clues that a worldview provides a kind of sense-making meaning. Nineteenth century German historian and philosopher, Wilhelm Dilthey, spoke of a worldview as a concept that “. . . constitutes an overall perspective on life that sums up what we know about the world, how we evaluate it emotionally, and how we respond to it volitionally.” Worldviews possess three distinct yet interrelated dimensions: cognitive, affective, and practical.", "Seachris, Joshua W. “The Meaning of Life as Narrative: A New Proposal for Interpreting Philosophy’s ‘Primary’ Question.” Philo 12 (Spring-Summer 2009): 5-23. Seachris, Joshua W. “The Sub Specie Aeternitatis Perspective and Normative Evaluations of Life’s Meaningfulness: A Closer Look,” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16 (2013): 605-620.", "Depending on whom one asks, the question, “What is the meaning of life?” is either the most profound question of human existence or else nothing more than a nonsensical request built on conceptual confusion, much like, “What does the color red taste like?” or “What is heavier than the heaviest object?” Ask a non-philosopher, “What do philosophers discuss?” and a likely answer will be, “The meaning of life.” Ask the same question of a philosopher within the analytic tradition, and you will rarely get this answer.", "The sources of suspicion about the question within analytic philosophy, especially in earlier periods, are varied. First, the question of life’s meaning is conceptually challenging because of terms like “the” “meaning” and “life,” and especially given the grammatical form in which they are arranged." ], "reference_number": 3 }, { "title": "7 Philosophies of the Meaning of Life that I Find Interesting | by Rolend | Medium", "url": "https://medium.com/@rolendpetalcorin/7-philosophies-of-the-meaning-of-life-that-interest-me-4a2c5ca72daf", "description": "7 Philosophies of the Meaning of Life that I Find Interesting 1. Arthur Schopenhauer A German philosopher whose meaning of life is defined as the denial of the will to live. He was wealthy but …", "content": null, "site_name": "Medium", "site_long_name": "medium.com", "age": "2025-02-17T04:12:09.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://medium.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://miro.medium.com/1*9Alnhc1VhHr284xOjamwNQ.jpeg", "snippets": [ "A Danish philosopher who proposed the idea that life can be meaningful and worth living only if one believes genuinely and passionately in the Christian God. Meaning, he said, is invaluably linked to unity — a sense of averageness. Nothing is uplifting than being surrounded with people with similar values as we do.", "The entire picture of life is clearly seen if and only if the pieces are completely puzzled together. These pieces are us and the puzzle is where the meaning of existence is contained. What we call progress is really just the process of coordination and playing one’s role. This is the “Later Heidegger.” · A British philosopher who denied Nietzsche’s claim that life should be in pursuit of power.", "A German philosopher whose meaning of life is defined as the denial of the will to live. He was wealthy but suffered with loneliness and isolation.", "Another influential figure whom I agree with is Martin Heidegger, a great German philosopher whose philosophy regarding the meaning of life is presented in living with authenticity." ], "reference_number": 4 }, { "title": "Meaning of Life, The: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "url": "https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/", "description": "All of these set the table for ... followed shortly by Thomas Nagel’s important 1971 essay on “The Absurd.” See “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective......", "content": null, "site_name": "Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "site_long_name": "iep.utm.edu", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://iep.utm.edu&size=96", "snippets": [ "All of these set the table for a veritable feast of philosophical writing on the meaning of life that began in the 1950s with Kurt Baier’s essay “The Meaning of Life,” followed in 1970 by Richard Taylor’s influential essay on the same topic, followed shortly by Thomas Nagel’s important 1971 essay on “The Absurd.” See “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective” for more on the course of the debate in analytic philosophy about the meaning of life.", "Seachris, J., 2012, “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective,” The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Smith, S., (ed.), 1983, Ways of Wisdom: Readings on the Good Life, Lanham, MD: University Press of America.", "For example, a person may be interested in his core or essence because he thinks that knowledge of that may reveal the goal or purpose of his life, a purpose that makes his life seem important and intelligible, and gives him a reason for going on, as well as insight into how he must live in order to have a meaningful life. It is commonly the case that several of the questions press themselves on the seeker all at the same time. One or more of these questions were of concern to the philosophers discussed below.", "Distinct from all the above are second-order, analytic, conceptual questions of the sort that dominate current philosophical discussion of the issue in analytic circles. These questions are not so much about the meaning of life as about the meaning of “the meaning of life” and its component concepts (“meaning,” “life”), or related ones (“meaningfulness,” “meaninglessness,” “vanity,” “absurdity,” and so forth)." ], "reference_number": 5 }, { "title": "r/askphilosophy on Reddit: What is truly the meaning of life?", "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/ys7vtg/what_is_truly_the_meaning_of_life/", "description": "For many philosophers, (Fackenheim for example as well as tolstoy) the meaning of life is to connect to a divine reality and carry out gods laws. For other perspectives (like the Buddhist one), the meaning of life is also to connect to a reality outside of this one.", "content": null, "site_name": "Reddit", "site_long_name": "reddit.com", "age": "2022-11-11T11:35:26.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://reddit.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/ys7vtg", "snippets": [ "A place for people to post an opinion they accept may be flawed, in an effort to understand other perspectives on the issue. Enter with a mindset for conversation, not debate. ... A subreddit dedicated to Attack on Titan (進撃の巨人) manga and anime series. ... I found the meaning of life! ... Antinatalism is a group of philosophical ideas that view procreation as unethical, harmful, or otherwise unjustifiable.", "87 votes, 56 comments. For me making your own meaning isn't satisfying. Is there a philosophy out there that can be better than this?", "Posted by u/Peasant_hacking - 87 votes and 56 comments", "First are those who believe meaning in life is solely subjective; they claim there is no inherent meaning, but rather meaning must be made. This includes several of the big · Existentialist philosophers (Sartre, Nietzsche) and is a common belief by laymen." ], "reference_number": 6 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Life: A Philosophical Perspective", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-philosophical-perspective-kevin-halliday", "description": "Some people believe that the meaning of life is to find happiness and fulfillment, while others believe that the meaning of life is to serve a higher purpose or to make the world a better place. Still others believe that the meaning of life is simply to exist and to experience the world around us.", "content": null, "site_name": "LinkedIn", "site_long_name": "linkedin.com", "age": "2022-12-23T16:06:37.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://linkedin.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D5612AQENxdUvqaQ4Bg/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1671778708611?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=8i6A1qC4jhOxM9QUUBgFvm5LEkdgwsdALS_DH1c1W7k", "snippets": [ "This question has been asked by philosophers, theologians, and ordinary people alike, and it continues to be a topic of debate and contemplation today. There are many different theories and ideas about the meaning of life, and it is likely that there is no one \"correct\" answer.", "Some people believe that the meaning of life is to find happiness and fulfillment, while others believe that the meaning of life is to serve a higher purpose or to make the world a better place. Still others believe that the meaning of life is simply to exist and to experience the world around us. One popular theory about the meaning of life is the idea of hedonism, which suggests that the purpose of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain.", "This theory is based on the belief that human beings are naturally driven to seek pleasure and avoid suffering, and that this is the ultimate goal of life. Another theory about the meaning of life is the idea of eudaimonia, which is a Greek term that translates to \"happiness\" or \"flourishing.\"", "A third theory about the meaning of life is the idea of existentialism, which suggests that the meaning of life is something that each individual must create for themselves. This theory is based on the belief that life has no inherent meaning, and that it is up to each individual to give their own life meaning through their actions and choices." ], "reference_number": 7 }, { "title": "Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life: A Philosophical Perspective | by Edward Reid | Medium", "url": "https://medium.com/@edwardoreid/finding-meaning-and-purpose-in-life-a-philosophical-perspective-557f24709484", "description": "Despite technological advancements, ... remains one of humanity’s deepest struggles. Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist, and Holocaust survivor offers wise insights into this dilemma, reminding us that the quest for meaning is not just a psychological necessity but a philosophical imperative. In his seminal work Man’s Search for Meaning, he writes: “Life is never made ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Medium", "site_long_name": "medium.com", "age": "2024-12-15T20:14:23.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://medium.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://miro.medium.com/1*2wZY1NFPxVHdNr-nDDXnbQ.jpeg", "snippets": [ "Despite technological advancements, wealth, and comfort, searching for meaning remains one of humanity’s deepest struggles. Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist, and Holocaust survivor offers wise insights into this dilemma, reminding us that the quest for meaning is not just a psychological necessity but a philosophical imperative. In his seminal work Man’s Search for Meaning, he writes: “Life is never made unbearable by circumstances, but only by lack of meaning and purpose.”", "The search for meaning is not unique to Frankl; it has deep roots in philosophy. Socrates famously declared: ... What matters most to me? How do my actions align with my values? This process of self-reflection, while daunting, is the first step toward discovering what makes life meaningful. Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia, often translated as “flourishing,”- emphasizes living in accordance with virtue and striving to fulfill one’s potential.", "Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life: A Philosophical Perspective I was recently watching a video of Viktor Frankl; someone I have written several articles about — an individual who has made a …", "I was recently watching a video of Viktor Frankl; someone I have written several articles about — an individual who has made a profound…" ], "reference_number": 8 }, { "title": "nietzsche - Various Philosopher's Perspective on the Meaning or Purpose of Life - Philosophy Stack Exchange", "url": "https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life", "description": "I'm teaching a high-school philosophy club at the school I work at, but the problem is that I haven't had any real formal education in philosophy and have only a novice knowledge of the subject, wh...", "content": null, "site_name": "Stack Exchange", "site_long_name": "philosophy.stackexchange.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://philosophy.stackexchange.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/philosophy/Img/apple-touch-icon@2.png?v=e239f4595d67", "snippets": [ "I'm teaching a high-school philosophy club at the school I work at, but the problem is that I haven't had any real formal education in philosophy and have only a novice knowledge of the subject, which comes from reading various philosophy books and watching youtube videos. Last meeting though, the students said that they want to talk about, \"the meaning of life,\" for our next meeting, and I though that it would be an apt subject, but I don't know where to start.", "Camus takes it a bit further by saying that no meaning can be found, nevertheless we can find comfort in living a meaningless life. Finally, Nietzsche claims that life has absolutely no meaning. ... From the perspective of Stoicism and Buddhism, search the writings of Epictetus and Siddhartha (The Buddha).", "My only problem is that I want to give them maybe 5-7 different sources, each from a different philosopher (however, not just western philosophy), that embodies how each philosopher views life, and I don't really know where to look. Not many philosophers seem to talk directly about the meaning of life nor how to live a successful one.", "Soliciting and articulating viewpoints has not one iota of relevance to philosophy, i.e. love of wisdom (read: respect for obtaining knowledge). I am not saying that reading intelligent literature about imponderables such as the meaning or purpose of life is not a worthwhile endeavor." ], "reference_number": 9 }, { "title": "4 philosophical answers to the meaning of life - Big Think", "url": "https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/", "description": "Existentialism is an approach to philosophy that focuses on the questions of human existence, including how to live a meaningful life in the face of a meaningless universe. Many thinkers and writers are associated with the movement, including Nietzsche, Simone de Beauvoir, and Fyodor Dostoevsky.", "content": null, "site_name": "Big Think", "site_long_name": "bigthink.com", "age": "2023-06-01T06:53:03.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://bigthink.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://bigthink.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/pexels-nina-uhlikova-7252551.jpg?w=640", "snippets": [ "Many philosophical thinkers spent their careers finding a path to a meaningful life. While philosophers may disagree on the solution to the problem, they all offer interesting routes to a more meaningful existence.", "A common question posed to philosophers and hermit gurus is, “What is the meaning of life?” It’s an important question. Having a sense of purpose in life is associated with positive health outcomes; conversely, not having one can leave a person feeling listless and lost.", "Existentialism is an approach to philosophy that focuses on the questions of human existence, including how to live a meaningful life in the face of a meaningless universe. Many thinkers and writers are associated with the movement, including Nietzsche, Simone de Beauvoir, and Fyodor Dostoevsky.", "He can assert the value of his life and embrace the meaninglessness of his task. By doing so, he can find meaning in the absurdity — even if his work comes to naught in the end. Sisyphus is Camus’s absurdist hero. While the primary existentialist thinkers were all atheists — Nietzsche raised the alarm on nihilism when he declared “God is dead” — the founder of the school was an extremely religious thinker by the name of Søren Kierkegaard. A Danish philosopher working in the first half of the 19th century, he turned his rather angsty disposition into a major philosophy." ], "reference_number": 10 }, { "title": "The meaning of life: exploring different philosophical perspectives", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee", "description": "One of the most well-known philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life is existentialism. According to this perspective, life has no inherent meaning or purpose. Instead, we must create our own meaning through our choices and actions.", "content": null, "site_name": "LinkedIn", "site_long_name": "linkedin.com", "age": "2023-02-19T00:11:08.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://linkedin.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D5612AQFdoddGNAtOfg/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1676765437552?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=nPIJ8dqMvc4FEI2wQYtqZxkkgccvRgkrSh5Bo-HtuGc", "snippets": [ "One of the most well-known philosophical perspectives on the meaning of life is existentialism. According to this perspective, life has no inherent meaning or purpose. Instead, we must create our own meaning through our choices and actions.", "This perspective emphasizes personal responsibility and freedom of choice, as each individual must create their own meaning in life. Another philosophical perspective on the meaning of life is utilitarianism. This perspective emphasizes the importance of maximizing happiness and minimizing suffering for the greatest number of people.", "The meaning of life, according to this perspective, is to create as much happiness as possible and reduce suffering as much as possible. A third philosophical perspective on the meaning of life is found in the teachings of Aristotle.", "While each of these philosophical perspectives provides a unique answer to the question of the meaning of life, there is no definitive answer. Ultimately, the meaning of life is a deeply personal question that each individual must answer for themselves. It may be helpful to consider different perspectives and find the one that resonates most with your own beliefs and values." ], "reference_number": 11 }, { "title": "r/Existentialism on Reddit: What is the meaning of life? Why are we here?", "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/Existentialism/comments/qhrf9q/what_is_the_meaning_of_life_why_are_we_here/", "description": "Neither asserting a meaning, nor negating meaning. ... Life appears to be a journey of self-discovery, growth, and connection from a human perspective. We find meaning in the people we meet, the experiences we have, and the impact we have on the world around us.", "content": null, "site_name": "Reddit", "site_long_name": "reddit.com", "age": "2021-10-28T16:58:42.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://reddit.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/qhrf9q", "snippets": [ "Posted by u/kjwhimsical-91 - 345 votes and 467 comments", "The meaning of 2+2=4 4 is the answer, but we are not completely Understand the universe, the universe cannot be explained by mathematics, so as a human being, having feelings can bring meaning, and then if you fully understand the universe, it can also bring meaning, but at present, you don’t know what meaning is, or you can enter the third-person perspective. draw completely life is meaningless conclusions", "Neither asserting a meaning, nor negating meaning. ... Life appears to be a journey of self-discovery, growth, and connection from a human perspective. We find meaning in the people we meet, the experiences we have, and the impact we have on the world around us.", "Please note posts should relate to Existential philosophy and literature. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism if you are unsure, and the reading list. ... I'm just asking this question because after realizing that religion is nothing but a fantasy story made to be fun for grown-ups, this made me question my existence as a human being. Do you know what life really means?" ], "reference_number": 12 }, { "title": "Philosophies That Can Change The Way You Look At Life | by Valerie | Dare To Be Better | Medium", "url": "https://medium.com/dare-to-be-better/philosophies-that-can-change-the-way-you-look-at-life-92162c8427b5", "description": "Philosophies That Can Change The Way You Look At Life Solipsism And Other Amazing Theories About Life A philosophy of life is any general attitude towards the meaning of life or of the way life …", "content": null, "site_name": "Medium", "site_long_name": "medium.com", "age": "2023-11-10T10:26:56.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://medium.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://miro.medium.com/1*Z3zNN3qE2NIMdIcicTAo5Q.png", "snippets": [ "A philosophy of life is any general attitude towards the meaning of life or of the way life should be lived.", "All of us relate more to one or more philosophical views on the meaning of life, even if we don’t name them.", "A life philosophy gives us an understanding of where we are going and what’s the point of it all. I’ve never heard of solipsism before so when I read an article about it, it got me thinking: What do people believe in? What are other popular philosophical views that shape who we are? This curious infographic can give you a general idea. For more, keep scrolling. ... If you are interested in philosophy but not to the point to become a Philosophy major, there is a fun little book by Paul Kleinman that I would recommend.", "It covers the important philosophical ideas and milestones in a surprisingly non-boring way." ], "reference_number": 13 }, { "title": "What is the Meaning of Life: A Comprehensive Exploration and Analysis", "url": "https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/", "description": "Discover different perspectives on the meaning of life. Explore philosophical and scientific viewpoints on this thought-provoking topic.", "content": null, "site_name": "Achology", "site_long_name": "achology.com", "age": "2024-06-26T11:16:11.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://achology.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://cdn.achology.com/wp-content/uploads/20240626111216/JasperArt_2023-09-07_10.42.27_upscaled.jpg", "snippets": [ "Discover different perspectives on the meaning of life. Explore philosophical and scientific viewpoints on this thought-provoking topic. Another article from the Achology Knowledge Hub.", "The question “What is the meaning of life?” has intrigued philosophers, scientists, and thinkers for centuries. It’s a profound query that delves into existential and metaphysical realms, seeking to understand the purpose and significance of human existence. This article explores various perspectives on the meaning of life, drawing from philosophy, religion, science, and personal reflection.", "Philosophers have long grappled with the meaning of life. Existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre argue that life has no inherent meaning; instead, individuals must create their own purpose through choices and actions. Sartre’s famous dictum, “existence precedes essence,” suggests that humans are born without a predetermined purpose and must forge their own paths. This perspective emphasizes personal freedom and responsibility, highlighting the role of individual agency in constructing meaning.", "This personalized meaning-making process underscores the dynamic and evolving nature of the search for life’s meaning. While philosophical, religious, and scientific views provide structured interpretations, integrating these perspectives can offer a more holistic understanding of the meaning of life." ], "reference_number": 14 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Life: What’s the Point? - 1000-Word Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology", "url": "https://1000wordphilosophy.com/2023/02/06/meaning-of-life/", "description": "In a different spirit, the ancient Daoist philosophy of Zhuangzi (2013) provides some perspective on the advantages of being “useless” (having no purpose) and the dangers of being “useful.” · [7] On this proposal of the meaning of life as narrative, see Seachris (2009).", "content": null, "site_name": "1000-Word Philosophy", "site_long_name": "1000wordphilosophy.com", "age": "2023-02-06T20:51:14.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://1000wordphilosophy.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://1000wordphilosophy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/nasa-apollo8-dec24-earthrise.jpg?w=656", "snippets": [ "Does life’s having meaning depend on a supernatural reality? Is death a threat to life’s meaning? Is life the sort of thing that can have a “meaning”? In what sense? Here we will consider some approaches to questions about the meaning of life.", "— (2018), “Philosophy and the Meaning of Life,” in: E.D. Klemke and Seven M. Cahn, eds. The Meaning of Life, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press: 197-204. O’Brien, Wendell. “The Meaning of Life: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", "“The Meaning of ‘Life’s Meaning,’” Philosopher’s Imprint 21(3). Sartre, Jean-Paul (2021). Being and Nothingness. Washington Square Press. Originally published in French in 1943. Schlick, Moritz (2017). “On the Meaning of Life,” in: In: E.D. Klemke and Seven M. Cahn, eds. The Meaning of Life, Third Edition. Oxford University Press: 56-65. Originally published in 1927. Seachris, Joshua. “The Meaning of Life: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.", "When people like Tolstoy regard life as meaningless, they seem to be thinking that the truth about life is bad news.[8] Supernaturalists hold that life has divine significance.[9] For example, from the perspective of the Abrahamic religions, life is valuable because everything in God’s creation is good." ], "reference_number": 15 }, { "title": "What Is Life? | Issue 101 | Philosophy Now", "url": "https://philosophynow.org/issues/101/What_Is_Life", "description": "The following answers to this fundamental question each win a random book.", "content": null, "site_name": "Philosophy Now", "site_long_name": "philosophynow.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://philosophynow.org&size=96", "snippets": [ "I listen enthralled to scientific debate on what, how, when and where life was created. However, questions remain which may never be resolved. In this vacuum, philosophers and religious thinkers have attempted to give meaning to life by suggesting goals: Plato suggested the acquisition of knowledge, Aristotle to practice virtue, and the Stoics, mental fortitude and self-control.", "Today’s philosophers echo the existentialist view that life is full of absurdity, although they also tell us that we must put meaning into life by making our own values in an indifferent world.", "You can read four articles free per month. To have complete access to the thousands of philosophy articles on this site, please ... Life is the aspect of existence that processes, acts, reacts, evaluates, and evolves through growth (reproduction and metabolism).", "Life as fear and hatred is not real life at all. For some, life is God. We would all then be His children. We are nevertheless the spawn of the Earth. Human existence is freedom – an edifice of plurality. ... If the ancients could do philosophy in the marketplace, maybe I can too." ], "reference_number": 16 }, { "title": "Why You’re (Probably) Wrong About The Meaning of Life | Issue 147 | Philosophy Now", "url": "https://philosophynow.org/issues/147/Why_Youre_Probably_Wrong_About_The_Meaning_of_Life", "description": "Philosophers distinguish between the meaning of life in general – the meaning of the universe or of the human species– and meaning within individual lives. For many people, ‘the meaning of life’ refers to something found outside them. They may ask questions like ‘What’s it all about?’ or ‘What does it all mean?’ This perspective ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Philosophy Now", "site_long_name": "philosophynow.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://philosophynow.org&size=96", "snippets": [ "Philosophers distinguish between the meaning of life in general – the meaning of the universe or of the human species– and meaning within individual lives. For many people, ‘the meaning of life’ refers to something found outside them. They may ask questions like ‘What’s it all about?’ or ‘What does it all mean?’ This perspective fosters the view that the meaning of life, whatever it is, is large, all-encompassing, magnificent; not to mention elusive, mysterious, maybe unobtainable, and discoverable only by gurus or sages.", "Later I learned that this definitely was not the case; but the news jolted me into a ‘posthumous’ perspective, from which I saw my life overflowing with meaning emanating from my family and friends, the people I help, my research and writing, memories of good times, the daylilies in my garden, the sounds of children laughing, and much, much more.", "To have complete access to the thousands of philosophy articles on this site, please ... After tragedy and heartbreak – after the war is lost, after the pandemic takes someone you love, after climate change destroys your home, after your life seems to be rendered nonsensical by illness, personal failure, or injustice – deep questions may linger like a bruise: What is the meaning of all this?", "The meaning of life, we’re told, is pursuing pleasure or happiness, or giving and receiving love, or finding your passion, or doing something great, or living out your purpose, or being involved with something greater than yourself. But these commonplace answers are only partly right, and the questions are mostly wrong. So say a host of contemporary philosophers who have been studying meaning in life." ], "reference_number": 17 }, { "title": "What is the philosophical meaning of life? - Quora", "url": "https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-meaning-of-life-in-a-philosophical-sense", "description": "Answer (1 of 94): My personal answer is going to be pretty religious, since I try to be. Anyone turned off by G-d talk should just skip to someone else’s answer. I believe the purpose of life, to the best we can understand G-d’s motives for anything, is that “it’s the nature of good ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Quora", "site_long_name": "quora.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://quora.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-custom-t-1393708-600x315-gsgirfffbsvffwuivdrkesmeebmyaorq.jpeg", "snippets": [ "Answer (1 of 94): My personal answer is going to be pretty religious, since I try to be. Anyone turned off by G-d talk should just skip to someone else’s answer. I believe the purpose of life, to the best we can understand G-d’s motives for anything, is that “it’s the nature of good to have some..." ], "reference_number": 18 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Life Examine different philosophical perspectives on the meaning or purpose of human - CliffsNotes", "url": "https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736", "description": "From ancient sages to contemporary thinkers, the question of the meaning or purpose of life has elicited diverse and often conflicting perspectives. This essay endeavors to delve into some of the most prominent philosophical viewpoints on this profound inquiry, ranging from existentialism and ...", "content": null, "site_name": "CliffsNotes", "site_long_name": "cliffsnotes.com", "age": "2024-04-15T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://cliffsnotes.com&size=96", "snippets": [ "From ancient sages to contemporary thinkers, the question of the meaning or purpose of life has elicited diverse and often conflicting perspectives. This essay endeavors to delve into some of the most prominent philosophical viewpoints on this profound inquiry, ranging from existentialism and nihilism to religious interpretations, in an attempt to shed light on the elusive essence of human existence.", "Integration and Synthesis: While existentialism, nihilism, and religious interpretations offer distinct perspectives on the meaning of life, they are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Indeed, individuals may draw insights from each philosophical framework, synthesizing existentialist notions of freedom and self-creation with religious beliefs in divine purpose or moral order.", "Philosophy document from Harvard University, 2 pages, Title: Exploring the Essence of Existence: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Meaning of Life Introduction: The quest to unravel the mystery of human existence has been a perennial pursuit throughout the annals of philosophical discourse.", "From the existentialist assertion of individual autonomy and self-creation to the nihilistic recognition of life's inherent absurdity and the religious quest for transcendent meaning, diverse philosophical perspectives offer illuminating insights into the enigma of human existence." ], "reference_number": 19 }, { "title": "Meaning of life | EBSCO Research Starters", "url": "https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/meaning-life", "description": "Modern philosophical perspectives categorize the meaning of life into supernaturalism, objective naturalism, subjective naturalism, and nihilism, each offering distinct interpretations of what constitutes a meaningful existence. Ultimately, the meaning of life remains a deeply personal and ...", "content": null, "site_name": "EBSCO", "site_long_name": "ebsco.com", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://ebsco.com&size=96", "snippets": [ "The meaning of life is a profound and complex concept that has been explored by philosophers, theologians, and thinkers throughout history. Central to this inquiry are questions about the nature of life itself, the essence of existence, and the sources of purpose and significance. The search for meaning is often prompted by personal crises or existential reflections, leading individuals to ponder their place in the universe and the value of their actions. Perspectives on this topic vary widely; some believe that meaning is derived from religious beliefs or a higher power, while others see it as rooted in personal goals or accomplishments.", "Philosophers such as Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche emphasized the individual’s relationship with self and the pursuit of personal significance, while existentialists like Albert Camus addressed the inherent absurdity of life. The discourse also includes naturalistic views, which suggest that meaning can arise from biological imperatives such as survival and reproduction. Modern philosophical perspectives categorize the meaning of life into supernaturalism, objective naturalism, subjective naturalism, and nihilism, each offering distinct interpretations of what constitutes a meaningful existence.", "A life of authenticity is one chosen by the individual in accordance with a plan. Later, he had a different perspective. He felt that humankind was responsible for serving as guardians of the world, and this duty gives life meaning. French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre also addressed the meaning of life.", "\"The Meaning of Life: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives.\" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, www.iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/. Accessed 11 May 2017." ], "reference_number": 20 }, { "title": "The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being - PMC", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4580713/", "description": "The purpose of this study was to examine whether meaning in life understood in terms of presence, search, and personal meaning is a mediator in the relationships between religious coping and psychological well-being. Associations of religiousness ...", "content": null, "site_name": "PubMed Central", "site_long_name": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&size=96", "snippets": [ "Chamberlain and Zika (1992) found that the association between religion and well-being is mediated by an enhanced sense of meaning in life. Examining effects of religion and PIL on older adults, Ardelt (2003) revealed that intrinsic religious orientation and religious involvement have an indirect effect, mediated by PIL, on subjective well-being. Intrinsically religious older people who have found a sense of meaning and PIL were more likely to participate frequently in spiritual activities with others and to belong to a religious group than were extrinsically religious people.", "Three psychological tests were administered: Brief RCOPE, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB). All of them were Polish versions. Brief RCOPE is a 14-item questionnaire that assesses the extent to which the person uses specific methods of religious coping (Pargament et al. 1998). It consists of two subscales: (1) positive religious coping that measures seeking spiritual support, seeking a spiritual connection, collaboration with God in problem solving, religious forgiveness, and benevolent religious appraisals of illness; and (2) negative religious coping that assesses punishing God appraisals, interpersonal religious discontent, demonic appraisals, spiritual discontent, and questioning God’s powers.", "The links existing between religious coping and meaning in life suggest that religion can influence many aspects of meaning by providing an ultimate motivation to all aspects of a person’s life, establishing goals and value systems and helping to instil a deeper sense of meaning in life. It is unquestionably evident within a framework of the meaning making model proposed by Park (2013), which posits that religious and spiritual factors play an important role in modelling the meaning system of many individuals.", "Pargament KI, Koenig HG, Tarakeshwar N, Hahn J. Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology. 2004;9:713–730. doi: 10.1177/1359105304045366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Pargament KI, Smith BW, Koenig HG, Perez L. Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors." ], "reference_number": 21 }, { "title": "r/religion on Reddit: Whats the meaning of life according to your religion?", "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/religion/comments/rpzogc/whats_the_meaning_of_life_according_to_your/", "description": "15 votes, 79 comments. I wanna hear your different perspectives.", "content": null, "site_name": "Reddit", "site_long_name": "reddit.com", "age": "2021-12-27T22:51:05.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://reddit.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/rpzogc", "snippets": [ "Posted by u/[Deleted Account] - 15 votes and 79 comments", "While there's no single, straightforward \"meaning of life\" in Judaism, a common view is that it is tikkun olam, \"fixing the world\" and making it a better place, ultimately to bring about the Great Sabbath of History (the Messianic Age), a time of universal peace, spirituality, and leisure.", "Heathenry is a revivalist religion seeking to bring the practice of the ancient Germanic peoples into the present day.", "In simplest terms, it uses information inferred or represented in scholarship to form the foundation of a modern, polytheistic religious tradition." ], "reference_number": 22 }, { "title": "Meaning of life - New World Encyclopedia", "url": "https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Meaning_of_life", "description": "Generally, religions have in common two most important teachings regarding the meaning of life: 1) the ethic of the reciprocity of love among fellow humans for the purpose of uniting with a Supreme Being, the provider of that ethic; and 2) spiritual formation towards an afterlife or eternal ...", "content": null, "site_name": "New World Encyclopedia", "site_long_name": "newworldencyclopedia.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://newworldencyclopedia.org&size=96", "snippets": [ "Generally, religions have in common two most important teachings regarding the meaning of life: 1) the ethic of the reciprocity of love among fellow humans for the purpose of uniting with a Supreme Being, the provider of that ethic; and 2) spiritual formation towards an afterlife or eternal life as a continuation of physical life.", "Probably the most universal teachings concerning the meaning of life, to be followed in virtually all religions in spite of much diversity of their traditions and positions, are: 1) the ethic of reciprocity among fellow humans, the \"Golden Rule,\" derived from an ultimate being, called God, Allah, Brahman, Taiji, or Tian; and 2) the spiritual dimension of life including an afterlife or eternal life, based on the requirement not to indulge in the external and material aspect of life.", "Usually, the connection of the two is that the ethic of reciprocity is a preparation in this world for the elevation of spirituality and for afterlife. It is important to note that these two constitutive elements of any religious view of meaning are common to all religious and spiritual traditions, although Jainism's ethical teachings may not be based on any ultimate divine being and the Confucianist theory of the continual existence of ancestors together with descendants may not consider afterlife in the sense of being the other world.", "Scientific theories can be used to support these two elements, depending upon whether one's perspective is religious or not. For example, the biological function of survival and continuation can be used in support of the religious doctrine of eternal life, and modern physics can be considered not to preclude some spiritual dimension of the universe." ], "reference_number": 23 }, { "title": "The Image of God, Religion, and the Meaning of Life: Toward a Christian Philosophical Anthropology – In Pursuit of Truth | A Journal of Christian Scholarship", "url": "https://www.cslewis.org/journal/the-image-of-god-religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-toward-a-christian-philosophical-anthropology/", "description": "Prospectus: This paper notes the challenge of scientific naturalism to religion and Christianity and briefly denies that naturalism is supported by science. It then outlines an alternative perspec…", "content": null, "site_name": "C.S. Lewis Foundation", "site_long_name": "cslewis.org", "age": "2012-02-09T02:37:49.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://cslewis.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg", "snippets": [ "Dissonant voices in the public square preach competing versions of wisdom apart from Christ. Traditional religions flourish and new spiritualities proliferate. Humanist philosophies, political ideologies, and hedonistic life-styles promise happiness and fulfillment.", "In the religious context of Genesis 1 and 2, this is an act of rebellion and insurrection against the Great King. The just consequences are alienation from God, banishment from Paradise, and loss of ability to image God rightly in any part of life. In sum, sin resulted in spiritual and physical death.", "This is a metaphysical point, not an existential-religious claim. It does not imply that goodness and wholeness are incidental to human integrity, flourishing, and fulfillment. I have argued that the image of God comprehends all dimensions of human existence–spirituality, morality, society, culture, and physical life.", "In the midst of this spiritual cacophony, Oxbridge 2008 addresses a particularly strident voice—contemporary scientific naturalism. Naturalism’s most popular preachers, the so-called New Atheists, rant against religion in general and Christianity in particular, alleging that they are not merely irrational and irrelevant but harmful to human flourishing. Other naturalists are more subtle, allowing that religion has been a useful adaptation in human evolution, at least until recently." ], "reference_number": 24 }, { "title": "What Is the Meaning of Life? | Desiring God", "url": "https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-is-the-meaning-of-life", "description": "When life just doesn’t seem to make sense, or even when it seems void of any meaning at all, what can help us to know our purpose again?", "content": null, "site_name": "Desiring God", "site_long_name": "desiringgod.org", "age": "2021-02-19T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://desiringgod.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://dg.imgix.net/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-qppeg2oh-en/landscape/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-qppeg2oh-2dcf7586e52ec9379bdfe1c1e7ae8695.jpg?ts=1609879063&ixlib=rails-4.3.1&fit=crop&w=2000&h=1050", "snippets": [ "Oh, Abijah, that’s your life, right? The words for various trials mean “all kinds of trials” — literally, “many colors of trials and tests.” What an amazing interpretation of this world and our place in it! The meaning of suffering in this life is the refinement of faith by the fires of various trials, that we might know God, love God, show God as more precious than everything that the fires consume." ], "reference_number": 25 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Life | Answers from World Religions and Philosophy | The Gallerist", "url": "https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/", "description": "Human beings are viewed as intrinsically spiritual beings. People’s lives in this material world provide extended opportunities to grow, to develop divine qualities and virtues, and the prophets were sent by God to facilitate this. Hinduism Hinduism is a religious category including many ...", "content": null, "site_name": "The Gallerist", "site_long_name": "thegallerist.art", "age": "2024-10-11T20:11:57.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://thegallerist.art&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://thegallerist.art/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Meaning-of-Life-_.jpg", "snippets": [ "The meaning of life is a philosophical question concerning the significance of life or existence in general. It can also be expressed in different forms, such as \"Why are we here?\",\"What is life all about?\", and \"What is the purpose of existence?\" It has been the subject of much philosophical,scientific, and theological speculation throughout history.", "Life in this belief in itself does not carry any meaning or purpose. Confucianism Confucianism is not officially considered a world religion because it is not organized as such. It is often grouped with religions, however, perhaps because it is a spiritual philosophy, a social ethic, a political ideology, and a scholarly tradition.", "To Baha’is, the purpose of life is focused on spiritual growth and service to humanity. Human beings are viewed as intrinsically spiritual beings. People’s lives in this material world provide extended opportunities to grow, to develop divine qualities and virtues, and the prophets were sent by God to facilitate this. Hinduism Hinduism is a religious category including many beliefs and traditions.", "Since Hinduism was the way of expressing meaningful living for a long time, before there was a need for naming it as a separate religion, Hindu doctrines are supplementary and complementary in nature, generally non-exclusive, suggestive and tolerant in content. Most believe that the ātman (spirit, soul)—the person’s true self—is eternal. In part, this stems from Hindu beliefs that spiritual development occurs across many lifetimes, and goals should match the state of development of the individual." ], "reference_number": 26 }, { "title": "Religion gives life meaning. Can anything else take its place? | Psyche Ideas", "url": "https://psyche.co/ideas/religion-gives-life-meaning-can-anything-else-take-its-place", "description": "Religious faith promotes a sense of meaning in life – and it might take more than ‘social glue’ to duplicate the effect", "content": null, "site_name": "Psyche", "site_long_name": "psyche.co", "age": "2025-05-02T01:08:43.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://psyche.co&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://images.aeonmedia.co/images/abab0af1-1cd5-433b-a380-473a8e832c98/panos_00155629.jpeg?top=656&left=0&cropWidth=2992&cropHeight=1683", "snippets": [ "Other practices like sermons, yoga and retreats can also trigger ‘spiritual boredom’. Here’s why it’s normal and even useful", "Whether you accept this philosophical claim or not, the fact that many people seem to believe that God or other supernatural entities are necessary for life to be meaningful suggests that, psychologically, there is some important connection between religious faith and the sense of meaning in life.", "One study from the 1970s found that nuns scored higher on such measures than lay people. More recently, a study published in 2021 found that theists report experiencing more meaning in life than atheists. Numerous other studies have found that religiousness is positively correlated with perceived meaning in life.", "There is also some experimental evidence that, when presented with a threat to their sense of meaning, people show increased belief in miraculous events – suggesting that they are turning to religion to bolster their perceptions of meaning in life." ], "reference_number": 27 }, { "title": "Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning - ScienceDirect", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406504000064", "description": "Religion is one of the major resources used to generate meaning in life. An individual's religion involves not only a set of beliefs, but also an invo…", "content": null, "site_name": "ScienceDirect", "site_long_name": "sciencedirect.com", "age": "2004-04-02T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://sciencedirect.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0890406500X00680-cov150h.gif", "snippets": [ "The interviews focused on seven themes relating to religious community and religious beliefs in relation to constructing life meaning. These themes included (1) ownership of life and function of God, (2) benefits of faith, (3) God's role in everyday events, (4) fidelity of beliefs, (5) social and spiritual aspects of church involvement, (6) life meaning, and (7) expectations for afterlife.", "This paper addresses the question of how contemporary visitors perceive the more commercial facets of religious destinations. The Four Great Buddhist Mountains of China provided subtly different contexts for the work, but the themes addressed have a broad applicability to the tensions between secular and spiritual features of such sites.", "Religion is one of the major resources used to generate meaning in life. An individual's religion involves not only a set of beliefs, but also an involvement in a community of like-minded others. The purpose of this study is to differentiate between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning at the end stage of life.", "Twelve women, who resided at various assisted-living facilities, participated in qualitative interviews about the current and past meaning of religion in their lives. They were distributed among fundamental Christian, Catholic, liberal Protestant, and Jewish faiths. Differences between and within the groups were the result of the content, as well as certainty, of belief. These differences influenced the sufficiency of a belief system to construct life meaning." ], "reference_number": 28 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Life? – The Spiritual Naturalist Society", "url": "https://www.snsociety.org/the-meaning-of-life/", "description": "What does it mean when we ask the meaning of life? Is it about context or is the joke on us?", "content": null, "site_name": "Spiritual Naturalist Society", "site_long_name": "snsociety.org", "age": "2023-04-22T17:03:58.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://snsociety.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.snsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/montypython-meaningoflife-300x169.jpg", "snippets": [ "As humans, though, we can live a shallow life or a deep life, a narrow life or a broad life; we can live selfishly or generously, distractedly or with focus. At the popular level, religion may lead people to believe that the goal of life is some form of afterlife; but at what might be called a more esoteric level, spirituality is often about living this life deeply and with focus.", "By and large, people have looked to religion for such a cosmic purpose, though many people no longer find religious solutions tenable. Christianity, at least at the popular level, tells us that existence on this earth is only something of a trial run, and that the real existence is in another realm only accessible after death. In this view, we must live our life a certain way and hold certain beliefs to get to this real existence.", "Presumably once we get to this other life, we will no longer be troubled by the meaning of existence. Most popular religions offer some sense of meaning or purpose to life, but most if not all suffer from the fact that you must believe un-provable and often absurd things in order to find that meaning.", "In these esoteric traditions, sin by definition is what keeps us from being whole. The Universe has given us this brief moment of existence. Does it not make sense to try to life it wholly and completely? What are these “esoteric traditions”? They are found in all the major religions, though they are often hidden." ], "reference_number": 29 }, { "title": "The Meaning of Life According to Various Religions - Religion's Depths", "url": "https://religionsdepths.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-various-religions/", "description": "What is the meaning of life? Does anyone know? Here's what eight different religions from all around the world say.", "content": null, "site_name": "Religionsdepths", "site_long_name": "religionsdepths.com", "age": "2025-05-24T20:23:09.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://religionsdepths.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://religionsdepths.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/autumnpath.jpg", "snippets": [ "The world’s religions, however, give a radically different, and radically truer-to-life, answer to the question of what the meaning of life is (regardless of how well or how badly their adherents live up to it, of course). Surely not coincidentally, they all give more or less the same answer, just expressed in different ways: the meaning of life is to get closer to the divine and, ultimately, to experience spiritual enlightenment.", "Let’s now consider examples from several religions from around the world. ... For thousands of years, Hinduism has taught that the meaning of life is to achieve moksha, “liberation,” the Hindu term for spiritual enlightenment. All living beings are continuously reincarnated in different bodies and circumstances depending on how much good or bad karma they’ve accumulated in this life and previous ones.", "Since these statements come from a religion different from those we’ve looked at so far, they’re naturally expressed in a different idiom. But the underlying theme is the same: the meaning of life is to live in a way that comports with, and leads up to, spiritual enlightenment, the direct experience of the oneness of all things in the immanent and transcendent divinity.", "In ancient Egyptian parlance, “to remember the West,” the direction of the setting sun, means to remember death and ultimate things more generally, which for the ancient Egyptians were deeply spiritual matters.[54] This is confirmed by the following line, “so that the local gods be brought offerings.” This poem therefore articulates the same notion of the meaning of life as that of the Enuma Elish, just expressed in what’s perhaps a more sophisticated way. ... Naturally but unfortunately, it’s not realistic to cite and discuss examples from every single religion that’s ever existed." ], "reference_number": 30 }, { "title": "Religion and the Meaning of Life", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religion-and-the-meaning-of-life/2C118CBF40B68F288B9010457F78571E", "description": "Cambridge Core - Philosophy of Religion - Religion and the Meaning of Life", "content": null, "site_name": "Cambridge Core", "site_long_name": "cambridge.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://cambridge.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/32986/large_cover/9781108432986i.jpg", "snippets": [ "'This book thoughtfully explores issues related to the meaning of life from a religious perspective without being dogmatic. Because of this, it should be of great interest to those concerned with how spirituality intersects with meaningfulness.", "Kiper, Jordan 2024. Moral Injury as a Precondition for Reconciliation: An Anthropology of Veterans’ Lives and Peacemaking. Religions, Vol. 15, Issue. 9, p. 1089. ... Attoe, Aribiah David 2024. A Patient-centred Concept(ion) of Life’s Meaningfulness: Lessons from African Perspectives.", "This book is unique in its willingness to transcend a more secular stance and explore how one's belief in God may be relevant to life's meaning. Religion and the Meaning of Life's interdisciplinary approach makes it useful to philosophers, religious studies scholars, psychologists, students, and general readers alike.", "Unlike many other works on life's meaning, it treats this topic with the vitality it rightly deserves, engaging desires of both heart and mind. Williams demonstrates a deep understanding of the human condition, the widespread hunger for meaning, and the unique and powerful ways that religion can satiate that hunger.'" ], "reference_number": 31 }, { "title": "Symbols of Life - Their Spiritual Power and Meaning | DUBLEZ", "url": "https://www.dublez.com/symbols-of-life-their-spiritual-power-and-meaning-a154", "description": "In this article, you will find: The secrets and meanings of symbol", "content": null, "site_name": "DUBLEZ", "site_long_name": "dublez.com", "age": "2023-12-22T00:34:10.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://dublez.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://images-dublez-cdn.rshop.sk/sm/articles/cefb60bfdc57614f7614732cf083a913.jpg", "snippets": [ "In this article, you will find: The secrets and meanings of symbols The Tree of Life - a sign of connection and growth Infinity - more than just", "Additional interpretations of the infinity symbol: Representation of Ouroboros: The circular shape of two components forming the infinity symbol is linked by some mystics to the Ouroboros, a snake depicted eating its own tail, creating a circle. Harmony and balance: Two interconnecting loops can represent opposing forces or individuals coming together in harmony and balance, symbolizing interconnectedness between all things. Regeneration: On a spiritual and metaphysical level, the infinity symbol can signify regeneration and eternal life after death.", "This Egyptian symbol of life is often depicted in the hands of prominent Egyptian figures, such as pharaohs and kings, as a way to preserve their immortality. It is also commonly seen in temples and in the hands of major Egyptian gods like Osiris, Isis, and Ra. The Ankh may also have a more physical interpretation—symbolizing water, air, and sunlight, which were essential for sustaining life in ancient Egyptian culture.", "Since ancient times, people have used symbols to represent every significant event in life. But what could be more important in life than life itself? Throughout history, regardless of culture or religion, people have embraced and recognized crucial signs and symbols that represent life." ], "reference_number": 32 }, { "title": "Purpose Archives - John Templeton Foundation", "url": "https://www.templeton.org/discoveries/the-psychology-of-purpose", "description": "In Korea, for instance, youth were ... of different socioeconomic backgrounds suggests that those in challenging circumstances are likely to have a difficult time discovering and pursuing personally meaningful aims....", "content": null, "site_name": "John Templeton Foundation", "site_long_name": "templeton.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://templeton.org&size=96", "snippets": [ "Modern scientific research on human purpose has its origins in, of all places, a Holocaust survivor’s experiences in a series of Nazi concentration camps. While a prisoner at Theresienstadt, Auschwitz and two satellite camps of Dachau, Viennese psychologist Viktor Frankl noticed that fellow prisoners who had a sense of purpose showed greater resilience to the torture, slave labor, and starvation rations to which they were subjected.", "Although the majority of sociological work on purpose in life has focused on people in western, affluent societies, the literature contains a few interesting cross-cultural results that hint at how approaches to and benefits from purpose in life might differ around the world. In Korea, for instance, youth were shown to view purpose as less an individual pursuit and more as a collective matter, while explorations of Chinese concepts of purpose indicates that one’s sense of purpose is divided into senses of professional, moral, and social purpose. Research in the psychology of purpose among people of different socioeconomic backgrounds suggests that those in challenging circumstances are likely to have a difficult time discovering and pursuing personally meaningful aims.", "Indeed, as Viktor Frankl argued — based in part on what he had observed first-hand — experiencing adversity might actually contribute to the development of a purpose in life. Download the full research review on the psychology of purpose.", "Most world religions, as well as many secular systems of thought, also offer their adherents well-developed guidelines for developing purpose in life. Love of friends and family, and desire for meaningful work are common sources of purpose. Over the past few decades, psychologists and sociologists have developed a host of assessments that touch on people’s senses of purpose including the Life Regard Index, the Purpose in Life subscale of the Psychological Scales of Well-being, the Meaning in Life questionnaire, the Existence Subscale of the Purpose in Life Test, the Revised Youth Purpose Survey, the Claremont Purpose Scale and the Life Purpose Questionnaire, among others." ], "reference_number": 33 }, { "title": "The psychology of purpose in life - Center for Healthy Aging", "url": "https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/2021/07/13/the-psychology-of-purpose-in-life/", "description": "An individual may find meaning in various domains of life, including work, relationships, hobbies, and interests. Researchers actually consider meaning in life as a core component to living a successful and happy life. Having meaning in life has been associated with a wide range of benefits.", "content": null, "site_name": "Center for Healthy Aging", "site_long_name": "research.colostate.edu", "age": "2025-02-19T05:37:34.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://research.colostate.edu&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2021/07/sunset-4238445_1920.jpg", "snippets": [ "Meaning in life can be difficult to define as it may be a highly personal experience. Researchers have defined meaning in life as a feeling that one’s life is significant, purposeful, and coherent; in other words, having a direction that makes sense and has a feeling of worth.", "An individual may find meaning in various domains of life, including work, relationships, hobbies, and interests. Researchers actually consider meaning in life as a core component to living a successful and happy life. Having meaning in life has been associated with a wide range of benefits.", "Remember, finding meaning does not have to be a complicated process, you can find it in the simplest of life’s joys. The purpose of life is not to be happy. It is to be useful, to be honorable, to be compassionate, to have it make some difference that you have lived and lived well. —Ralph Waldo Emerson ... Click the icon to subscribe and receive CHA updates. ... Wenceslao (Wen) Martinez is a master’s student in the Translational Research on Aging and Chronic Disease Laboratory in CSU’s Department of Health and Exercise Science — and he finds a lot of purpose in doing science.", "Allie Alayan is a Ph.D. student in Counseling Psychology at CSU. She finds purpose in researching how people find purpose in their lives." ], "reference_number": 34 }, { "title": "Frontiers | Why Meaning in Life Matters for Societal Flourishing", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601899/full", "description": "AbstractResearch in the social, behavioral, and health sciences indicates that meaning in life is important for both mental and physical health. Despite the ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Frontiers", "site_long_name": "frontiersin.org", "age": "2020-12-16T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://frontiersin.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/0F39389F-DE2D-4BF1-AFE71BA9B6F25024/918D96DB-F484-4EC1-8FBF9AB5F74B20F4/WebsiteWebP_XL-FPSYG_Main Visual_Green_Website.webp", "snippets": [ "2Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States · Meaning in life reflects the feeling that one's existence has significance, purpose, and coherence (see Heintzelman and King, 2014). A growing body of research identifies meaning in life as a fundamental human need that strongly influences both psychological and physical well-being (see Vail and Routledge, 2020).", "In order to successfully respond to and recover from collective threats such as pandemics, economic recessions, and natural disasters, humans need to possess the psychological fortitude that not only helps them manage their personal anxieties, but that also drives them to want to positively contribute to the world around them. Much of the research in existential psychology has focused on how meaning contributes to individual health and well-being and has ignored many of the ways that meaning might orient people outward.", "The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Abeyta, A. A., Routledge, C., and Juhl, J. (2015). Looking back to move forward: nostalgia as a psychological resource for promoting relationship goals and overcoming relationship challenges.", "Scholars have long recognized that meaning in life is an important psychological need. The more people feel meaningful, the more they experience overall positive psychological well-being (e.g., Steger and Frazier, 2005). Moreover, meaning reduces the risk for depression (e.g., Disabato et al., 2017), addiction (e.g., Kinnier et al., 1994), and suicide (e.g., Edwards and Holden, 2001)." ], "reference_number": 35 }, { "title": "The Psychology of Purpose", "url": "https://www.templeton.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Psychology-of-Purpose.pdf", "description": "More recently, the advent of positive ... Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), has led to yet more scientific interest in ... purpose in life represents a stable and generalized intention to accomplish something that is at once · personally meaningful and at the same time leads to productive engagement ...", "content": null, "site_name": "John Templeton Foundation", "site_long_name": "templeton.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://templeton.org&size=96", "snippets": [ "That means that individuals may find meaning in watching a shooting star, but they may find ... II. MEASURING PURPOSE · Many persons have a wrong idea of what constitutes true happiness. It is not attained through self-gratification but ... In conjunction with the growth of positive psychology, scientific attention to purpose has increased · dramatically over the past approximately twenty years. Before this, researchers largely believed it was", "More recently, the advent of positive psychology, a psychological · approach to understanding not only what can go wrong but also what can go right in the course of · human development (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), has led to yet more scientific interest in ... purpose in life represents a stable and generalized intention to accomplish something that is at once · personally meaningful and at the same time leads to productive engagement with some aspect of the", "Similarly, other researchers have included purpose as part of their definition of meaning along with the · extent to which people make sense of or see significance in their lives (Steger, 2009). Psychological · researchers argue that a purpose in life refers only to those sources of meaning that are both goal-", "Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research · and practice. Counseling Psychologist, 37(3), 424-450. This article outlines purpose, in the form of a calling or vocation, for counseling psychologists. It · defines the term calling and explains how people can find meaning in the work they do. Dik, B. & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Make Your Job a Calling: How the Psychology of Vocation Can · Change Your Life at Work." ], "reference_number": 36 }, { "title": "Meaning in Life: An Important Factor for the Psychological Well-Being of Chronically Ill Patients? - PMC", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4113206/", "description": "Previous research has shown that ... life often raises disquieting questions of meaning in life. Meaning in life refers to people's concerns with the core significance and purpose of their personal existence....", "content": null, "site_name": "PubMed Central", "site_long_name": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&size=96", "snippets": [ "As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice · Rehabil Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 28. Published in final edited form as: Rehabil Psychol. 2013 Nov;58(4):334–341. doi: 10.1037/a0034393 ... 1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Group Clinical Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium", "The first author is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO). The research reported in this article was conducted by the Interdisciplinary Center Church and Society, with a Grant of the Dutch National Health Security division Patient Care (Ziekenzorg CM).", "Previous research has shown that adaptation to a chronic condition requires individuals to revise one's life goals and expectations, given that serious illness often crosses valued goals and life plans (Pinquart, Silbereisen, & Frohlich, 2009). Such a profound revision of one's life often raises disquieting questions of meaning in life. Meaning in life refers to people's concerns with the core significance and purpose of their personal existence.", "The multidimensional character of the concept resulted in a multitude of research tapping into different aspects of the construct (for a review, see Morgan & Farsides, 2009). Steger and colleagues made a successful attempt to remedy this lack of conceptual clarity by distinguishing between two components of meaning in life (Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006). The first aspect, Presence of Meaning, indicates whether individuals perceive their lives as significant and purposeful." ], "reference_number": 37 }, { "title": "What is life’s purpose? A Yale psychiatrist looks to science for answers | Yale News", "url": "https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/05/what-lifes-purpose-yale-psychiatrist-looks-science-answers", "description": "In a counterintuitive way, serving others often leads to more happiness than pursuing things for ourselves. Yet no one walks around thinking, If I could only find more people to help today, then I could be happier! But the evidence suggests such thinking would be more psychologically accurate ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Yale News", "site_long_name": "news.yale.edu", "age": "2024-10-06T08:58:13.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://news.yale.edu&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/opengraph_image/public/sam-wilkinson.jpg?h=39b867e2&itok=Ky-qRhFF", "snippets": [ "In a new book, “Purpose: What Evolution and Human Nature Imply About the Meaning of Our Existence?,” Wilkinson, an associate professor of psychiatry at Yale School of Medicine, integrates principles from many scientific disciplines, from evolutionary biology to cognitive psychology, to create a framework that suggests not only that there is an overarching purpose to human existence, but what that purpose is.", "“When you combine the concept that we are free to choose with the dual potential of human nature, to me this strongly implies that life is a test,” said Wilkinson, who is also director of the Yale Depression Research Program. “The purpose of life is to choose between the good and evil impulses inherent within us. ... Samuel Wilkinson: The idea for the book stems from an existential crisis I experienced as a medical student 15 years ago. I was concerned that some of the lessons of science and evolution conflicted with some of the beliefs I have, that most people have, that life has value, meaning, and purpose.", "Wilkinson: Certainly, I agree that different circumstances influence our decisions, but there’s compelling data showing how our conscious thoughts also influence our behavior. I like the metaphor from [social psychologist and writer] Jonathan Haidt of the elephant and the rider.", "In a counterintuitive way, serving others often leads to more happiness than pursuing things for ourselves. Yet no one walks around thinking, If I could only find more people to help today, then I could be happier! But the evidence suggests such thinking would be more psychologically accurate than our natural intuitions." ], "reference_number": 38 }, { "title": "‘What’s Your Purpose in Life?’ Psychology Prof Explains Why that Question Makes All the Difference - Cornellians | Cornell University", "url": "https://alumni.cornell.edu/cornellians/purpose-psychology/", "description": "Psychologist Anthony Burrow runs the Purpose and Identity Processes Lab, which studies the vital role that a sense of purpose plays in human wellbeing. Also director of Human Ecology’s Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Burrow has stressed the importance of purpose in such ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Cornell University", "site_long_name": "alumni.cornell.edu", "age": "2022-04-06T19:49:15.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://alumni.cornell.edu&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://alumni.cornell.edu/cornellians/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/02/Burrow-Purpose-6b4.jpg", "snippets": [ "Psychologist Anthony Burrow runs the Purpose and Identity Processes Lab, which studies the vital role that a sense of purpose plays in human wellbeing. Also director of Human Ecology’s Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Burrow has stressed the importance of purpose in such national media as Psychology Today and NPR’s podcast The Hidden Brain.", "Do researchers know why purpose is so good for us?" ], "reference_number": 39 }, { "title": "Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life - PMC", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6923189/", "description": "Positive psychology, or the scientific study of human flourishing that aims to optimize human functioning within communities and organizations, has become very influential both within and outside the scientific community (Gable and Haidt, 2005; Donaldson et al., 2015; Al Taher, 2019).", "content": null, "site_name": "PubMed Central", "site_long_name": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&size=96", "snippets": [ "Positive psychology, or the scientific study of human flourishing that aims to optimize human functioning within communities and organizations, has become very influential both within and outside the scientific community (Gable and Haidt, 2005; Donaldson et al., 2015; Al Taher, 2019).", "Graybiel A. M., Smith K. S. (2014). Good habits, bad habits. Sci. Am. 310, 38–43. 10.1038/scientificamerican0614-38 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Hart J. (2014). Toward an integrative theory of psychological defense. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 9, 19–39.", "This process ideally starts with an intervention that entails a combination of reflecting on one’s values, passions and goals, best possible self, goal attainment plans, and other positive psychology intervention techniques. Important elements of such an intervention are: (1) discovering values and passion, (2) reflecting on current and desired competencies and habits, (3) reflecting on present and future social life, (4) reflecting on a possible future career, (5) writing about the ideal future, (6) writing down specific goal attainment and “if-then” plans, and (7) making public commitments to the goals set. Prior research has shown that personal goal setting and goal attainment plans help people gain a direction or a sense of purpose in life.", "Research findings from the field of positive psychology, such as salutogenesis, implementation intentions, value congruence, broaden-and-build, and goal-setting literature, can help in building a comprehensive evidence-based life-crafting intervention. This intervention can aid individuals to find a purpose in life, while at the same time ensuring that they make concrete plans to work toward this purpose." ], "reference_number": 40 }, { "title": "15 Ways to Find Your Purpose of Life & Realize Your Meaning", "url": "https://positivepsychology.com/find-your-purpose-of-life/", "description": "Increasingly, psychologists have begun to realize the importance of meaning to our wellbeing and happiness. Recent research suggests that people with increased meaning are better off – they appear happier, exhibit increased life satisfaction, and report lowered depression (Huo et al., 2019; ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Positive Psychology", "site_long_name": "positivepsychology.com", "age": "2025-05-13T06:51:40.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://positivepsychology.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://positive.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Ways-to-find-your-purpose-in-life.jpeg", "snippets": [ "Explore questions on the complex topic of meaning and discover techniques & tools to help you and your clients find your purpose in life.", "Questions central to the complex topic of meaning & purpose of life.", "Increasingly, psychologists have begun to realize the importance of meaning to our wellbeing and happiness. Recent research suggests that people with increased meaning are better off – they appear happier, exhibit increased life satisfaction, and report lowered depression (Huo et al., 2019; Ivtzan, Lomas, Hefferon, & Worth, 2016; Steger, 2009).", "The Positive Psychology Toolkit© is a groundbreaking practitioner resource containing over 500 science-based exercises, activities, interventions, questionnaires, and assessments created by experts using the latest positive psychology research." ], "reference_number": 41 }, { "title": "Sense of Purpose in Life and Subsequent Physical, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Health: An Outcome-Wide Approach - PMC", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8669210/", "description": "Growing evidence indicates that a higher sense of purpose in life (purpose) is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases and mortality. However, epidemiological studies have not evaluated if change in purpose is associated with subsequent ...", "content": null, "site_name": "PubMed Central", "site_long_name": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&size=96", "snippets": [ "With further research, these results suggest that sense of purpose might be a valuable target for innovative policy and intervention work aimed at improving health and well-being. Keywords: epidemiology, purpose in life, sense of purpose, psychological well-being, well-being", "Second, some studies did not adequately account for potential confounders (e.g., baseline health, psychological distress). Third, most longitudinal studies did not control for pre-baseline outcomes, thereby failing to address reverse causality concerns. Fourth, some studies used limited assessments of purpose in life (e.g., single-item measures). Fifth, few, if any, longitudinal studies have controlled for purpose in life in the pre-baseline wave, which allows researchers to ask a slightly different question—how changes in purpose (“incident exposure”) affect health.", "Future studies could re-evaluate these findings using objectively assessed physical health and health behavior outcomes, beyond mortality, to address this limitation. Four years of follow-up data were available and may not be long enough for a psychological factor to exert influence on chronic diseases. Thus, future research could evaluate these associations with datasets with longer follow-up times.", "Purpose was assessed at baseline (t1; 2010/2012) using the 7-item purpose in life subscale of the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scales, 43 previously validated in a nationally representative sample of adults. On a 6-point Likert scale, respondents rated the degree to which they endorsed items such as, “I have a sense of direction and purpose in my life.” The mean of all items was taken to create a scale with scores ranging from 1 to 6 where higher scores reflected higher sense of purpose (Cronbach α = 0.76)." ], "reference_number": 42 }, { "title": "Purpose in life: A psychological construct that indicates positive development", "url": "https://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2017.02192", "description": "Purpose is a stable and generalized intention to accomplish some...", "content": null, "site_name": "Chinese Psychological Science", "site_long_name": "journal.psych.ac.cn", "age": "2017-10-26T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://journal.psych.ac.cn&size=96", "snippets": [ "Advances in Psychological Science ›› 2017, Vol.", "LAN Gongrui, LI Houyi, GAI Xiaosong. Purpose in life: A psychological construct that indicates positive development[J]. Advances in Psychological Science, 2017, 25(12): 2192-2202.", "(1 Normal College of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China) (2 Changchun Finance College, Changchun 130028, China)) (3 School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China)" ], "reference_number": 43 }, { "title": "Meaning and Purpose | The Human Flourishing Program", "url": "https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose", "description": "Sense of purpose in life and subsequent health and well-being in older adults: an outcome-wide analysis. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36:137-147. Hanson, J.A. and VanderWeele, T.J. (2021). The Comprehensive Measure of Meaning: psychological and philosophical foundations.", "content": null, "site_name": "Harvard", "site_long_name": "hfh.fas.harvard.edu", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum8886/files/pik/files/determinants_of_purpose_blogpost.jpg", "snippets": [ "Chen, Y., Kim, E.S., Shields, A.E., and VanderWeele, T.J. (2020). Antecedents of purpose in life: evidence from a lagged exposure-wide analysis. Cogent Psychology, 7:1825043.", "The Measurement of Meaning project aims to make use of these important distinctions to develop comprehensive measures of meaning and purpose, useful both for personal reflection, and for empirical research. ... Padgett, R., Hanson, J.A., Nakamura, J.S., Ritchie-Dunham, J.L., Kim, E.S., and VanderWeele, T.J. (2024). Measuring meaning in life by combining philosophical and psychological distinctions: psychometric properties of the Comprehensive Measure of Meaning.", "Journal of Positive Psychology, in press. Nakamura, J.S., Ryff, C.D., Chen, Y., Folk, D., Heine, S.J., VanderWeele, T.J., and Kim, E.S. (2022). What makes life purposeful? Identifying the antecedents of a sense of purpose in life using a lagged exposure-wide approach.", "The Determinants of Purpose project seeks to understand what brings purpose in life. Nearly everyone desires purpose, and yet we know remarkably little empirically about what leads to purpose in life." ], "reference_number": 44 }, { "title": "Psychiatry.org - Purpose in Life Can Lead to Less Stress, Better Mental Well-being", "url": "https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/purpose-in-life-less-stress-better-mental-health", "description": "What is purpose in life? It means having a central, organizing life aim, an overall sense of direction in one's life, and a belief that one’s life activities are valuable and important — making a positive mark on the world. Research indicates that having a purpose in life is good for mental ...", "content": null, "site_name": "American Psychiatric Association", "site_long_name": "psychiatry.org", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://psychiatry.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://www.psychiatry.org:443/getmedia/bb2f4e0e-983f-4529-abce-49602121f1b2/iStock-purpose.jpg", "snippets": [ "What is purpose in life? It means having a central, organizing life aim, an overall sense of direction in one's life, and a belief that one’s life activities are valuable and important — making a positive mark on the world. Research indicates that having a purpose in life is good for mental health.", "It means having a central, organizing life aim, an overall sense of direction in one's life, and a belief that one’s life activities are valuable and important — making a positive mark on the world.1, 2 Research indicates that having a purpose in life is good for mental health.", "More than half of young adults (58%) reported that they lacked “meaning or purpose” in their lives in the previous month and half of young adults reported that their mental health was negatively influenced by “not knowing what to do with my life.” · Importantly, the research does not explain how that connection is made.", "Boreham, I.D., Schutte, N.S. 2023. The relationship between purpose in life and depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, volume 79, issue 12." ], "reference_number": 45 }, { "title": "The Power of Purpose and Meaning in Life | Psychology Today", "url": "https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-waves/201901/the-power-purpose-and-meaning-in-life", "description": "The secret to healthy aging? A new study reveals the powerful, positive, and pervasive effects of filling life with people and activities that feel worthwhile.", "content": null, "site_name": "Psychology Today", "site_long_name": "psychologytoday.com", "age": "2019-01-12T16:06:27.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://psychologytoday.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_91_1_1528x800/public/field_blog_entry_teaser_image/2019-01/joyful_cycling_couple.jpg?itok=wZ_urGgm", "snippets": [ "The feeling that one’s life has meaning can come from any number of things—from work (paid or unpaid) that feels worthwhile, from cherished relationships, from religious faith or even from regularly appreciating the sunset. While it does not much matter what gives you purpose, it does matter that you find it somewhere. A growing body of research has found that the feeling that one’s life has meaning is associated with a host of positive health outcomes.", "And now a new study of older adults published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences goes even further by revealing that the sense that one is living a worthwhile life appears to be positively linked to just about every aspect of our lives, not just health. The new study also followed people over time and found that the more worthwhile they found their lives the more positive changes they experienced over the following four years. “These associations seem quite pervasive, right across a whole spectrum of our experience,” says lead author Andrew Steptoe, a psychologist and epidemiologist at University College London who oversaw the study.", "Lydia Denworth is a science journalist and author of Friendship: The Evolution, Biology, and Extraordinary Power of Life’s Fundamental Bond. ... Get the help you need from a therapist near you–a FREE service from Psychology Today.", "Life never gets easier. Fortunately, psychology is keeping up, uncovering new ways to maintain mental and physical health, and positivity and confidence, through manageable daily habits like these. How many are you ready to try? Subscribe Issue Archive" ], "reference_number": 46 }, { "title": "Purpose in Life and Associated Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms | Journal of Happiness Studies", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-024-00771-6", "description": "Purpose in life is a well-established contributor to positive well-being. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of purpose in life, further exploration is needed about the processes implicated in purpose from a cognitive and affective perspective. This scoping review aims to identify ...", "content": null, "site_name": "Springer", "site_long_name": "link.springer.com", "age": "2024-06-24T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://link.springer.com&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10902-024-00771-6/MediaObjects/10902_2024_771_Fig1_HTML.png", "snippets": [ "Purpose in life is a well-established contributor to positive well-being. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of purpose in life, further exploration is needed about the processes implicated in purpose from a cognitive and affective perspective. This scoping review aims to identify the cognitive and/or affective mechanisms (CAMs) correlating with purpose in life and to examine these relationships based on relevant existing literature.", "Journal of Happiness Studies - Purpose in life is a well-established contributor to positive well-being. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of purpose in life, further exploration is...", "Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning. ... Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Purpose in life is widely recognised as a fundamental aspect of psychological well-being and is intimately linked with motivation and meaningful goal engagement (Kashdan & McKnight, 2009; Ryff & Singer, 2008).", "Research consistently shows that increased purpose in life is associated with an extensive range of benefits such as increased life satisfaction, psychosocial and physiological well-being, and reduced risk of psychological distress and mortality (AshaRani et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2022). Despite its clear importance, researchers have yet to comprehensively explore the cognitive and affective mechanisms (CAMs) linked with purpose in life consequently hindering advancements in this field. Though the terms are often used interchangeably, emerging literature is recognising purpose in life and meaning in life as different constructs (George & Park, 2016; Martela & Steger, 2016)." ], "reference_number": 47 }, { "title": "Sense of Purpose in Life and Five Health Behaviors in Older Adults - PMC", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7494628/", "description": "Accumulating evidence shows that a higher sense of purpose in life is associated with lower risk of chronic conditions and premature mortality. Health behaviors might partially explain these findings, however, the prospective association between ...", "content": null, "site_name": "PubMed Central", "site_long_name": "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&size=96", "snippets": [ "As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice · Prev Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1. Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2020 Jun 25;139:106172. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106172 ... 1Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H.", "Our results, suggest that a sense of purpose in life might emerge (with further research) as a valuable target to consider for interventions aimed at helping older adults maintain some health behaviors. Keywords: epidemiology, health psychology, purpose in life, psychological well-being, health behaviors, physical activity, smoking, body weight, sleep, alcohol consumption", "Early randomized controlled trials, ranging from volunteering to cognitive behavioral therapy in groups, preliminarily suggest that a sense of purpose can be enhanced.6–10 Results from this study suggest that a higher sense of purpose is associated with maintenance of some health behaviors; future experimental research might provide even stronger tests of this hypothesis. With additional work, policies and interventions aiming to enhance purpose might be a novel way of simultaneously enhancing the psychological, behavioral, and physical health of our rapidly aging population.", "Purpose was assessed at baseline (t1;2006/2008) and then at 4 year intervals after baseline (t3;2010/2012 and t5;2014/2016), using the validated 7-item purpose subscale of Ryff’’s Psychological Well-Being Scales.34 On a 6-point Likert scale, respondents rated the degree to which they endorsed items like “I have a sense of direction and purpose in my life.” Following HRS protocol, if respondents completed at least 5 of 7 items (96.9%), a purpose score was derived by calculating the mean of all items (Cronbach α=0.74)." ], "reference_number": 48 }, { "title": "Frontiers | Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02778/full", "description": "Having a purpose in life is one of the most fundamental human needs. However, for most people finding their purpose in life is not obvious. Modern life has a...", "content": null, "site_name": "Frontiers", "site_long_name": "frontiersin.org", "age": "2019-11-25T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://frontiersin.org&size=96", "thumbnail": "https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=1200&f=png/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/462158/fpsyg-10-02778-HTML/image_m/fpsyg-10-02778-t001.jpg", "snippets": [ "Positive psychology, or the scientific study of human flourishing that aims to optimize human functioning within communities and organizations, has become very influential both within and outside the scientific community (Gable and Haidt, 2005; Donaldson et al., 2015; Al Taher, 2019).", "Graybiel, A. M., and Smith, K. S. (2014). Good habits, bad habits. Sci. Am. 310, 38–43. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0614-38 ... Hart, J. (2014). Toward an integrative theory of psychological defense. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 9, 19–39.", "This process ideally starts with an intervention that entails a combination of reflecting on one’s values, passions and goals, best possible self, goal attainment plans, and other positive psychology intervention techniques. Important elements of such an intervention are: (1) discovering values and passion, (2) reflecting on current and desired competencies and habits, (3) reflecting on present and future social life, (4) reflecting on a possible future career, (5) writing about the ideal future, (6) writing down specific goal attainment and “if-then” plans, and (7) making public commitments to the goals set. Prior research has shown that personal goal setting and goal attainment plans help people gain a direction or a sense of purpose in life.", "Research findings from the field of positive psychology, such as salutogenesis, implementation intentions, value congruence, broaden-and-build, and goal-setting literature, can help in building a comprehensive evidence-based life-crafting intervention. This intervention can aid individuals to find a purpose in life, while at the same time ensuring that they make concrete plans to work toward this purpose." ], "reference_number": 49 } ], "geo_results": [], "image_urls": [ "https://miro.medium.com/1*9Alnhc1VhHr284xOjamwNQ.jpeg", "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/ys7vtg", "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D5612AQENxdUvqaQ4Bg/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1671778708611?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=8i6A1qC4jhOxM9QUUBgFvm5LEkdgwsdALS_DH1c1W7k", "https://miro.medium.com/1*2wZY1NFPxVHdNr-nDDXnbQ.jpeg", "https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/philosophy/Img/apple-touch-icon@2.png?v=e239f4595d67", "https://bigthink.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/pexels-nina-uhlikova-7252551.jpg?w=640", "https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D5612AQFdoddGNAtOfg/article-cover_image-shrink_600_2000/0/1676765437552?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=nPIJ8dqMvc4FEI2wQYtqZxkkgccvRgkrSh5Bo-HtuGc", "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/qhrf9q", "https://miro.medium.com/1*Z3zNN3qE2NIMdIcicTAo5Q.png", "https://cdn.achology.com/wp-content/uploads/20240626111216/JasperArt_2023-09-07_10.42.27_upscaled.jpg", "https://1000wordphilosophy.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/nasa-apollo8-dec24-earthrise.jpg?w=656", "https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-custom-t-1393708-600x315-gsgirfffbsvffwuivdrkesmeebmyaorq.jpeg", "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/rpzogc", "https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg", "https://dg.imgix.net/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-qppeg2oh-en/landscape/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-qppeg2oh-2dcf7586e52ec9379bdfe1c1e7ae8695.jpg?ts=1609879063&ixlib=rails-4.3.1&fit=crop&w=2000&h=1050", "https://thegallerist.art/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Meaning-of-Life-_.jpg", "https://cdn.achology.com/wp-content/uploads/20240626111216/JasperArt_2023-09-07_10.42.27_upscaled.jpg", "https://images.aeonmedia.co/images/abab0af1-1cd5-433b-a380-473a8e832c98/panos_00155629.jpeg?top=656&left=0&cropWidth=2992&cropHeight=1683", "https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-custom-t-1393708-600x315-gsgirfffbsvffwuivdrkesmeebmyaorq.jpeg", "https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0890406500X00680-cov150h.gif", "https://www.snsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/montypython-meaningoflife-300x169.jpg", "https://religionsdepths.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/autumnpath.jpg", "https://assets.cambridge.org/97811084/32986/large_cover/9781108432986i.jpg", "https://share.redd.it/preview/post/qhrf9q", "https://images-dublez-cdn.rshop.sk/sm/articles/cefb60bfdc57614f7614732cf083a913.jpg", "https://www.research.colostate.edu/healthyagingcenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2021/07/sunset-4238445_1920.jpg", "https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/0F39389F-DE2D-4BF1-AFE71BA9B6F25024/918D96DB-F484-4EC1-8FBF9AB5F74B20F4/WebsiteWebP_XL-FPSYG_Main Visual_Green_Website.webp", "https://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/opengraph_image/public/sam-wilkinson.jpg?h=39b867e2&itok=Ky-qRhFF", "https://alumni.cornell.edu/cornellians/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/02/Burrow-Purpose-6b4.jpg", "https://positive.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Ways-to-find-your-purpose-in-life.jpeg", "https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum8886/files/pik/files/determinants_of_purpose_blogpost.jpg", "https://www.psychiatry.org:443/getmedia/bb2f4e0e-983f-4529-abce-49602121f1b2/iStock-purpose.jpg", "https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_91_1_1528x800/public/field_blog_entry_teaser_image/2019-01/joyful_cycling_couple.jpg?itok=wZ_urGgm", "https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10902-024-00771-6/MediaObjects/10902_2024_771_Fig1_HTML.png", "https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=1200&f=png/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/462158/fpsyg-10-02778-HTML/image_m/fpsyg-10-02778-t001.jpg" ], "links": [], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 11, "output_tokens": 32839, "inference_time_tokens": 105098, "total_tokens": 137948 } } ``` # HTML To Any Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/web/html-to-any POST https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any Capture screenshots of a website, convert HTML to both image and PDF formats. ## Request Parameters ### Body The HTML content to convert to image or PDF. Either `html` or `url` is required, but not both. The URL of the webpage to capture. Either `html` or `url` is required, but not both. The output file format. Supported formats:
  • `png` - PNG image format
  • `jpeg` - JPEG image format
  • `webp` - WebP image format
  • `pdf` - PDF document
The quality of the output image (1-100). Higher values produce better quality but larger file sizes. Only applies to jpeg and webp formats. When set to true, captures the entire scrollable area of the page instead of just the viewport. When set to true, makes the background transparent for PNG format images. The width of the viewport in pixels. The height of the viewport in pixels. Device scale factor (minimum: 1). Controls the resolution of the screenshot. Predefined screen size preset to use instead of specifying width and height manually. Supported values include:
  • `QVGA` - 320×240
  • `VGA` - 640×480
  • `SVGA` - 800×600
  • `HD` - 1280×720
  • `HD+` - 1600×900
  • `SXGA` - 1280×1024
  • `FHD` - 1920×1080
  • `2K` - 2048×1080
  • `2K QHD` - 2560×1440
  • `5K` - 5120×2880
  • `4K UHD` - 3840×2160
See the full list of screen size presets [here](/docs/additional-resources/size-preset)
When set to true, emulates a mobile device viewport and takes the meta viewport tag into account. When set to true, forces the page to render in dark mode using the CSS prefers-color-scheme media feature. Enables WebGL, GPU acceleration, and other 3D APIs. Note: This option may impact performance and increase API latency. Custom page-load behavior settings. Maximum time to wait for the page to load, in milliseconds (max: 15000ms). Event to wait for before considering navigation complete:
  • `load` - Wait for the window\.load event
  • `domcontentloaded` - Wait for the DOMContentLoaded event
  • `networkidle0` - Wait until there are no network connections for at least 500ms
  • `networkidle2` - Wait until there are no more than 2 network connections for at least 500ms
When set to true, displays header and footer in PDF output. Only applies when `type` is set to `pdf`. When set to true, prints background graphics in PDF output. Only applies when `type` is set to `pdf`. Page ranges to print in PDF format (e.g., '1-5, 8, 11-13'). Only applies when `type` is set to `pdf`. The specified return type for the response
  • `url`
  • `base64`
  • `binary`
## Response The response format depends on the `return_type` parameter: #### URL Response return\_type: "url" or "base64" Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request The URL of the generated file (image or PDF) that can be accessed directly. #### Binary Response return\_type: "binary" The API returns the generated file (image or PDF) directly in the response body as binary data. ## Common Use Cases ### Website Screenshots Capture screenshots of websites for: * Monitoring and testing * Generating previews or thumbnails * Creating social media images * Archiving webpage states ### HTML to Image Conversion Convert HTML snippets to images for: * Email templates * Social media posts * Dynamic image generation * Creating graphics from templates ### PDF Generation Create PDFs from webpages for: * Generating reports * Creating downloadable content * Archiving articles or documentation * Creating printable versions of web content ### Responsive Design Testing Test how websites appear on different screen sizes: * Mobile vs. desktop views * Various device dimensions * Light vs. dark mode ## Best Practices 1. **Optimal Quality Settings**: * For lossless quality, use PNG format with `quality: 100` * For smaller file sizes with good quality, use WebP format with `quality: 80-90` * For the smallest file sizes (where quality is less critical), use JPEG format with `quality: 70-80` 2. **Page Loading**: * Use `wait_until: "networkidle0"` for dynamic websites that load content via JavaScript * Set appropriate `timeout` values for websites that take longer to load * Consider using explicit `width` and `height` to match the content dimensions 3. **PDF Configuration**: * Enable `pdf_print_background` when capturing colorful websites as PDFs * Use `pdf_page_range` to capture only specific pages for large websites * Set appropriate page dimensions with `width` and `height` for better PDF layout ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.html_to_any({ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.web.html_to_any({ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any \ -X POST \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' \ -d '{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/","return_type":"url"}' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'https://news.ycombinator.com/', 'return_type' => 'url' }.to_json req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" "strings" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} var data = strings.NewReader(`{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/","return_type":"url"}`) req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any", data) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpRequest.BodyPublishers; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any")) .POST(BodyPublishers.ofString("{\"url\":\"https://news.ycombinator.com/\",\"return_type\":\"url\"}")) .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let jsonData = [ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/", "return_type": "url" ] as [String : Any] let data = try! JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonData, options: []) let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.httpMethod = "POST" request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers request.httpBody = data as Data let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final data = '{"url":"https://news.ycombinator.com/","return_type":"url"}'; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any'); final res = await http.post(url, headers: headers, body: data); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.post error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaType import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody val client = OkHttpClient() val MEDIA_TYPE = "application/json".toMediaType() val requestBody = "{\"url\":\"https://news.ycombinator.com/\",\"return_type\":\"url\"}" val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any") .post(requestBody.toRequestBody(MEDIA_TYPE)) .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/html_to_any"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); request.Content = JsonContent.Create(new { url = "https://news.ycombinator.com/", return_type = "url" }); request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "url": "https://jigsawstack-temp.b1e91a466694ad4af04df5d05ca12d93.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/temp/b24d5704-b8ce-42be-9a1f-ec412e099da3.png?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=7b9a19349842b7b1a9e4c2e19f05b232%2F20250916%2Fauto%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250916T185141Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Signature=94011f103ee982e32a3e26c95cec7504b1112ff912dcdc6b7395670d657711f8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 16, "output_tokens": 128, "inference_time_tokens": 10588, "total_tokens": 10732 } } ``` # Search Suggestion Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/web/search-suggestions GET https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest Get suggestions for a given query in real time. ### Query The search value. The maximum query character length is 200. ### Response Indicates whether the call was successful. Usage information for the API call. Number of input tokens processed. Number of output tokens generated. Number of tokens processed during inference time. Total number of tokens used (input + output). A unique identifier for the request Array of search suggestions. ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.search_suggestions({ "query": "What is the capital" }) ``` ```python Python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsaw = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") response = jigsaw.web.search_suggestions({ "query": "What is the capital" }) ``` ```bash Curl theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest?query=What+is+the+capital \ -X GET \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` ```php PHP theme={null} 'What is the capital', } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.content_type = 'application/json' req['x-api-key'] = 'your-api-key' req_options = { use_ssl: uri.scheme == 'https' } res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port, req_options) do |http| http.request(req) end ``` ```go Go theme={null} package main import ( "fmt" "io" "log" "net/http" ) func main() { client := &http.Client{} req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest?query=What+is+the+capital", nil) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json") req.Header.Set("x-api-key", "your-api-key") resp, err := client.Do(req) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer resp.Body.Close() bodyText, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s\n", bodyText) } ``` ```java Java theme={null} import java.io.IOException; import java.net.URI; import java.net.http.HttpClient; import java.net.http.HttpRequest; import java.net.http.HttpResponse; HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient(); HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder() .uri(URI.create("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest?query=What+is+the+capital")) .GET() .setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json") .setHeader("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build(); HttpResponse response = client.send(request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()); ``` ```swift Swift theme={null} import Foundation let url = URL(string: "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest?query=What+is+the+capital")! let headers = [ "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "your-api-key" ] var request = URLRequest(url: url) request.allHTTPHeaderFields = headers let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { (data, response, error) in if let error = error { print(error) } else if let data = data { let str = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) print(str ?? "") } } task.resume() ``` ```dart Dart theme={null} import 'package:http/http.dart' as http; void main() async { final headers = { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'x-api-key': 'your-api-key', }; final params = { 'query': 'What is the capital', }; final url = Uri.parse('https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest') .replace(queryParameters: params); final res = await http.get(url, headers: headers); final status = res.statusCode; if (status != 200) throw Exception('http.get error: statusCode= $status'); print(res.body); } ``` ```kotlin Kotlin theme={null} import java.io.IOException import okhttp3.OkHttpClient import okhttp3.Request val client = OkHttpClient() val request = Request.Builder() .url("https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest?query=What+is+the+capital") .header("Content-Type", "application/json") .header("x-api-key", "your-api-key") .build() client.newCall(request).execute().use { response -> if (!response.isSuccessful) throw IOException("Unexpected code $response") response.body!!.string() } ``` ```csharp C# theme={null} using System.Net.Http.Headers; using System.Net.Http.Json; HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/web/search/suggest?query=What+is+the+capital"); request.Headers.Add("x-api-key", "your-api-key"); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.SendAsync(request); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); string responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); ``` ```json Response theme={null} { "success": true, "suggestions": [ "what is the capital of california", "what is the capital of canada", "what is the capital of australia", "what is the capital of texas", "what is the capital of the united states", "what is the capital of florida", "what is the capital of brazil", "what is the capital of new york", "what is the capital of alaska", "what is the capital of italy", "what is the capital of japan", "what is the capital gains tax rate", "what is the capital of maine", "what is the capital of illinois", "what is the capital of turkey" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 8, "output_tokens": 134, "inference_time_tokens": 250, "total_tokens": 392 } } ``` # Product Updates Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/changelog JigsawStack updates and announcements ### APIs * **WEB SEARCH** * Improved social search in the Web Search API - you can now get better results when searching platforms like Twitter, LinkedIn, portfolios, and similar sources. * **AI Scraper** * Fixed an issue where the service was taking longer than expected while processing `element_prompts`. ### APIs * **VOCR** * Fixed an issue where requests failed due to file access or download errors. * Resolved a timeout issue that occurred when fine\_grained was set to true. * **Embeddings** * Fixed a bug that caused embeddings to timeout unexpectedly. * **AI Scraper** * Improved reliability when scraping large websites. * Updated cookie handling to improve stability and security. ### INTERFAZE * Made major UI improvements to the Playground for a smoother experience. * Updated pre-context handling: it is now fetched conditionally based on the presence of specific headers. ### APIs * **Web Search** * Upgraded web search to handle general search queries much faster & better. * Fixed an issue where geo search failed on large JSON responses. * **HTML to Any** * Fixed a bug where html-to-any requests intermittently failed. ### DEEP RESEARCH ( v0.1.4 ) * Updated model intelligence using human evaluation signals. * Added repair text logic to stabilize recovery from failed structured outputs. ### INTERFAZE * Improved Interfaze search to deliver faster and more relevant responses. ### SDKs * **Javascript ( v0.4.0 )** * Added optional file\_store\_key to TranslateImageParams for more flexible file handling. * Added optional steps to PredictionParams to support customizable prediction flows. * Added optional dimensions, instruction, and query to EmbeddingV2Params for enhanced embedding control. * Added optional name to PromptCreateParams for more flexible prompt definition. * Added fine\_grained option to VOCRParams for high-fidelity bounding box extraction. * Expanded element\_prompts in AIScrapeParams to accept a dictionary for richer element extraction. * **Python ( v0.4.0 )** * Added optional dimensions, instruction, and query to EmbeddingV2Params to support advanced embedding configurations. * Made steps optional in PredictionParams, with improved documentation for valid ranges and defaults. * Added optional name to PromptEngineCreateParams for clearer prompt identification. * Added optional max\_results to SearchParams, including request-side logic to honor the parameter. * Added optional fine\_grained to VOCRParams to enable high-fidelity, word-level bounding boxes. ### APIs * **AI Scraper** * Improved ad-blocking logic to reduce noise and improve DOM parsing reliability. * **Summary** * Fixed unusual timeouts while processing requests with urls. * **Web Search** * Enhanced geolocation searches in web search. ### DEEP RESEARCH * Fixed a schema validation bug in reasoning-plan generation. ### INTERFAZE * Resolved a bug that blocked user-defined overrides of the internal action layer. * Enhanced relevance and accuracy of financial data search results. ### APIs * **AI Scraper** * Improved AI Scraper reliability, performance, and schema validation. * **Web Search** * Improved web search results for Twitter-related queries. * **Deep-Research** * Ensured Deep Research API responses consistently include their underlying sources. * **Embedding-v2** * Added support for configurable embedding dimensions, with 4096 as the default for `v2/embedding`. * **Classification** * Fixed unusual timeout issues with image-classification. * **VOCR** * Enhanced VOCR word-level bounding boxes when using the `fine_grained` flag for more complete coverage. ### DeepResearch (open-source) * Migrated DeepResearch to OpenRouter for stable performance. * Reduced end-to-end latency, making long runs noticeably faster. ### APIs * **Prediction** * Resolved intermittent timeout issues. * **Speech-to-Text** * Fixed a bug that caused Javanese audio requests to fail. * Fixed an issue where m4a files failed to transcribe. * **VOCR** * Improved error propagation for clearer, more actionable error details. * **Translate** * Fixed a bug where valid requests were incorrectly blocked. * **Log ID** * Each request now comes with a Log ID to make support and debugging easier. ### INTERFAZE * Fixed a bug where URLs returned were placeholders. * Improved error propagation for clearer debugging. ### APIs * **Prediction** * Fixed timeout issues to improve reliability and response consistency. * **Speech-to-Text** * Improved speaker label accuracy and diarization for better multi-speaker transcription. * Fixed an issue preventing STT from accessing certain URLs. * **Web Search** * Refined handling of various edge cases to ensure more accurate results. * Expanded Historical Finance Index, now available for querying. ### INTERFAZE * Improved language detection accuracy for enhanced contextual understanding. * Added support for Feature Context and Thinking chunks during streaming for deeper insights. * Updated Playground UI to visualize these chunks, along with new documentation for developers. ### APIs * **Web Search:** * Enhanced AI Overview for richer, more accurate summaries * Improved historical finance data retrieval * **VOCR**: * Fixed issues with random spikes in latency. * **Speech to Text (STT)**: * Fixed timeout issues for smoother response handling * **Summary**: * Fixed timeout issues for smoother response handling * **Prompt Engine**: * Resolved timeout issues and improved reliability * **Speech to Text**: * We’ve improved our multilingual diarization service to reduce speaker confusion * **Translate**: * Fixed and improved input language detection accuracy * **Classification** * Upgraded multilingual models for higher-quality results across languages ### SDKs * Dropped Python support for versions 3.8 and below ### INTERFAZE * Enhanced the model’s vision capabilities * Added support to generate structured JSON with AI directly in the Playground * Improved error handling pipeline for better response consistency ### APIs * **VOCR:** * Fixed the issue where the lines and section output of ocr format was different when there is a prompt and no prompt. Fixed to standardize the format * Added confidence score for the words detected in the ocr format * **Web Search**: Improved the speed and quality of the web search model significantly * **Speech to Text (STT)**: * Updated suppport for longer than 5+ hour audio clips with diariazation * Fixed input validation for empty audio files * **Image Translate**: * Fixed input validation for the image translate API * Fixed a temporary outage caused by a recent deployment that affected image generation requests * **AI Scraper**: Fixed issue of large broad element selection for scraping. Now supports things like "body" or "main" as the element prompts. ### SDKs * **VOCR** Added confidence score for the words detected in the ocr format ### DOCS * Updated JigsawStack [Google Sheets integration](/docs/integration/google-sheets) * Added confidence score for words detected in the [VOCR](/docs/api-reference/ai/vocr) API ### Others * Updated our Postman Collection to include the most up to date APIs and features ### Fixes * Fixed **Embedding v1** API where sometimes the model would fail inconsistently * Fixed **Classification** API where the model would fail inconsistently for certain images * Fixed **AI Scraper** where the model would fail for pdf with large amount of pages ### APIs * **Speech to Text (STT):** Added confidnece score for the language detected. Available if language parameter is not provided or set to “auto”. * **Object to Detection:**: Improved the speed of the object detection model * Improved the speed of APIs that involves processing binary data. This includes: * Object Detection * Speech to Text (STT) * Embedding v1 * Embedding v2 * Image Translation * vOCR * NSFW * File Upload ### DOCS * Introduced JigsawStack [Google Sheets integration](/docs/integration/google-sheets) * Added confidence score for the language detected in the [STT](/docs/api-reference/ai/speech-to-text) API * Added warning for the deprecated [Image Generation](/docs/api-reference/ai/image-generation) API ### Fixes * Updated **Object Detection** API to accept "object" parameter as an alternative to "object\_detection" * Fixed **Object Detection** API for pure GUI images * Improved **Speech to Text (STT)** webhook error handling with 400 status code for empty files * Enhanced **Object Detection** tag generation for more accurate and relevant results ### SDKs * Updated **Object Detection** now supports "object" parameter as an alternative to "object\_detection" * Updated **Speech to Text (STT)** to return `language_detected` and `confidence` in the response ### DOCS * Added documentation for [Embedding v2](/docs/api-reference/ai/embedding-v2) parameters: `instructions` and `query` * Added documentation for [Object Detection](/docs/api-reference/ai/object-detection) parameters: `return_masks` * Fixed CURL example for [File Uploads](/docs/api-reference/store/file/add) * Fixed C# examples on all APIs * Updated [Speech to Text (STT)](/docs/api-reference/ai/speech-to-text) documentation to include parameters: `chunk_duration`, `language_detected`, and `confidence` ### Fixes * Added support for **NSFW** API when images are not available * Added support for **HTML to Any** now works with all HTML tags as input * Fixed **File Upload** now works with Embedding v2 * Fixed **VOCR** for PDF in certain edge cases * Fixed **AI Scraper** returning invalid JSON for empty element\_prompts * Decrease latency for **AI Scraper** ### DOCS * Updated File Uploads documentation [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) * Renamed embeddingV2 method to embedding\_v2 for consistency ### SDKs * Updated the way multipart/form-data are handled for APIs involved with file uploads * Renamed embeddingV2 method to embedding\_v2 for consistency #### Python * Fixed blob inputs for **Object Detection** where previously features params was not respected * Fixed blob inputs for **VOCR** where page range was not respected * Established CI/CD pipeline for Python SDK * Updated to pass **x-jigsaw-no-request-log** through headers. [Security](/docs/security) #### JavaScript * Fixed blob inputs for **Object Detection** where previously features params was not respected * Fixed blob inputs for **VOCR** where page range was not respected ### Features **Embedding v2** is a new, flexible, and more powerful embedding model. * params: `speaker_fingerprint` a boolean value to switch on/off speaker identification. * response: `speaker_embeddings` a list of embeddings for the speaker. ### Fixes * fixed **Speech to Text (STT)** webhook * fixed **file upload** overwrites error ### API * added **embedding v2** API ### SDKs * additional type safety for all APIs * added **embedding v2** * added **deep research** * removed **Text to Speech (TTS)** from SDKs * brought back **prompt engine** ### DOCS * changelog introduction * examples for all SDKs supported * [Vercel Integration](/docs/integration/vercel) and Marketplace * [Handling Files](/docs/api-reference/handling-files) documentation # Speech to Text Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/audio/speech-to-text Learn how to use JigsawStack's Speech to Text API to transcribe audio and video files ## Overview The Speech to Text API converts audio and video files containing speech into accurate text transcriptions. Powered by the Whisper large V3 AI model, it provides high-quality transcriptions for various applications. The API supports multiple audio formats and offers features like speaker diarization and language translation. * High-accuracy transcription with advanced AI model * Multiple audio format support (MP3, WAV, FLAC, etc.) * Speaker diarization capability (identifying different speakers) * Translation to English from other languages * Support for asynchronous processing via webhooks * Timestamps for each segment of transcription ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/transcribe ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from 'jigsawstack'; const jigsaw = new JigsawStack('your-api-key'); // Basic transcription from URL const response = await jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ url: "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav" }); console.log(response.text); // With speaker diarization const responseWithSpeakers = await jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ url: "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", by_speaker: true }); // Display speakers and their text responseWithSpeakers.speakers.forEach(segment => { console.log(`${segment.speaker}: ${segment.text}`); }); ``` ## Response ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "text": "Welcome to JigsawStack's Speech to Text API demo. This powerful tool converts spoken language into written text with high accuracy.", "chunks": [ { "timestamp": [0.0, 2.2], "text": "Welcome to JigsawStack's Speech to Text API demo." }, { "timestamp": [2.3, 5.24], "text": "This powerful tool converts spoken language into written text with high accuracy." } ], "speakers": [ { "speaker": "Speaker 1", "timestamp": [0.0, 2.2], "text": "Welcome to JigsawStack's Speech to Text API demo." }, { "speaker": "Speaker 1", "timestamp": [2.3, 5.24], "text": "This powerful tool converts spoken language into written text with high accuracy." } ] } ``` ## Auto Language Detection By default, JigsawStack's Speech to Text API automatically detects the language of your audio content. This means you don't need to specify the language parameter - the API will intelligently identify what language is being spoken and transcribe accordingly. However, if you know the language of your audio in advance, specifying it can significantly optimize performance and reduce processing time. ```javascript theme={null} const result = await jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ url: "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", language: "auto" // default behavior }); console.log(result.text); ``` ## Examples If you've already uploaded files to JigsawStack's storage: ```javascript Processing Files from Storage theme={null} // Using a file from JigsawStack storage const result = await jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ file_store_key: "uploads/meeting_recording.mp3", by_speaker: true }); ``` To transcribe audio in one language and translate to English: ```javascript Translation Example theme={null} // Transcribe and translate to English const result = await jigsaw.audio.speech_to_text({ url: "https://example.com/path/to/french_audio.mp3", translate: true }); console.log("Translated text:", result.text); ``` Find more information on Speech to Text API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/speech-to-text) # Classification Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/classification/classification Learn how to use JigsawStack's Classification API to classify literally anything ## Overview The Classification API is a powerful tool that can classify literally anything. This advanced API is perfect for automation, testing, and building intelligent applications that need to understand the content of the data. **Classification** excels at the following: * Crosslingual Text Classification: Classify text content across multiple languages without requiring language-specific training or models. * Moderation and Intent Classification: Automatically identify inappropriate content, spam, or determine user intent from messages and support tickets. * Multi-label Tagging Classification: Apply multiple relevant tags and categories to content simultaneously for better organization and searchability. * Context-Aware Image Classification: Classify real-world images with understanding of context, objects, scenes, and situations using descriptive labels. ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/classification ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.classification({ "dataset": [ { "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-1.jpg" }, { "type": "image", "value": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/classification-example-2.jpg" } ], "labels": [ { "type": "text", "value": "hotdog" }, { "type": "text", "value": "not a hotdog" } ] }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "predictions": [ "not a hotdog", "hotdog" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 69, "output_tokens": 14, "inference_time_tokens": 3457, "total_tokens": 3540 } } ``` ## Use Cases & Applications ### Content Moderation Automatically classify user-generated content to maintain platform standards and safety. * **Example**: Classify images as "safe", "inappropriate", or "needs review" for social media platforms. * **Implementation**: Use custom labels to categorize content based on your platform's guidelines, with an "unknown" label to handle edge cases. ### E-commerce Product Categorization Classify product images into relevant categories for better organization and searchability. * **Example**: Automatically sort uploaded product images into categories like "electronics", "clothing", "home goods", or "other". * **Implementation**: Define your product categories as labels and let the API classify new inventory images, reducing manual categorization work. ### Document Classification Organize and route documents based on their content and visual characteristics. * **Example**: Classify scanned documents as "invoice", "receipt", "contract", "form", or "unknown document type". * **Implementation**: Use the classification API to automatically sort incoming documents for processing workflows. ### Medical Image Analysis Assist healthcare professionals by providing preliminary classifications of medical imagery. * **Example**: Classify X-rays, MRIs, or other medical images into diagnostic categories or flag for specialist review. * **Implementation**: Create labels for different conditions or anatomical features, with careful handling of uncertain cases. Find more information on Classification API [here](/docs/api-reference/classification/classification) # Image Generation Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/core-ai/image-generation Learn how use JigsawStack SDK to generate a images Generate an image based on the given text by automatically employing AI models like Flux, Stable Diffusion, DALL·E, and other top models. ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.image_generation({ prompt: "A serene mountain landscape at sunset", aspect_ratio: "16:9", width: 1280, height: 720, steps: 30, output_format: "png", }); console.log(response); ``` ### Specify the image aspect ratio You can specify different aspect ratios for your generated images. Here are the supported ratios and their common use cases: | Aspect Ratio | Common Use Cases | | ------------ | ------------------------------------ | | `1:1` | Social media posts, profile pictures | | `16:9` | YouTube thumbnails, presentations | | `21:9` | Ultrawide displays, cinematic shots | | `3:2` | Digital photography, postcards | | `2:3` | Mobile phone wallpapers, book covers | | `4:5` | Instagram portraits | | `5:4` | Photo prints, desktop wallpapers | | `3:4` | Digital displays, e-reader content | | `4:3` | Traditional computer displays | | `9:16` | Mobile-first content, stories | | `9:21` | Vertical ultrawide displays | ## Writing Effective Prompts * **Be Specific**: Instead of "a cat", try "a fluffy orange tabby cat sleeping on a windowsill in soft morning light" * **Include Details**: Mention style, lighting, perspective, and mood * **Use Artistic References**: Include terms like "digital art", "oil painting", or "photography" * **Avoid Negatives**: Instead of saying what you don't want, focus on what you do want ## Example ```javascript Generate an Artistic Portrait theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.image_generation({ prompt: "Create an image of a vast, futuristic cathedral-like interior with towering stained glass windows casting vibrant blue and orange light. In the center, a majestic, ethereal whale floats gracefully, its body shimmering with a mosaic of colors reflecting the stained glass. Surrounding the whale are several large, translucent, glowing crystals suspended in mid-air, each reflecting the ambient light. On the ground, a few small human figures stand in awe, emphasizing the scale and grandeur of the scene. The atmosphere is mystical and otherworldly, blending elements of fantasy and science fiction", aspect_ratio: "16:9", steps: 30, advance_config: { negative_prompt: "blurry, distorted, low quality, cartoon, anime" } }); console.log(response); ``` Find more information on Image Generation API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/image-generation) # Sentiment Analysis Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/core-ai/sentiment Learn how to use the JigsawStack Sentiment Analysis API to analyze text sentiment and emotions ## Overview The Sentiment Analysis API analyzes text to determine the emotional tone, providing detailed sentiment scoring and classification. This powerful tool detects positive, negative, and neutral sentiment along with specific emotions like joy, sadness, anger, and more. * Instant sentiment scoring and classification * Detailed emotion detection with sentence-level analysis * Contextual understanding of language * Support for multiple languages * High accuracy with natural language ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/sentiment ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from 'jigsawstack'; const jigsaw = new JigsawStack('your-api-key'); const response = await jigsaw.ai.sentiment({ text: "The customer service was excellent, and I really enjoyed the product!" }); console.log(response); ``` ## Response ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "sentiment": { "emotion": "happiness", "sentiment": "positive", "score": 0.92, "sentences": [ { "text": "The customer service was excellent,", "emotion": "satisfaction", "sentiment": "positive", "score": 0.90 }, { "text": "and I really enjoyed the product!", "emotion": "happiness", "sentiment": "positive", "score": 0.94 } ] } } ``` ## Optimizing Sentiment Analysis For best results with the Sentiment Analysis API: 1. **Provide sufficient context**: Longer text with complete context generally produces more accurate sentiment analysis than short, fragmented content 2. **Consider language nuances**: The API handles various languages and cultural expressions, but providing clear, well-structured text improves accuracy 3. **Use sentence-level analysis**: The API automatically breaks down text into sentences, allowing you to identify sentiment shifts within a single piece of content 4. **Optimal length**: Aim for 10-100 words for best results (maximum 5000 characters per request) ## Example ```javascript Customer Feedback Analyzer theme={null} // Example: Analyze customer feedback async function analyzeCustomerFeedback(feedbackText) { const response = await jigsaw.ai.sentiment({ text: feedbackText }); // Find the most negative sentence const mostNegativeSentence = response.sentiment.sentences.reduce( (mostNegative, current) => { if (current.sentiment === "negative" && (mostNegative === null || current.score < mostNegative.score)) { return current; } return mostNegative; }, null ); return { overallSentiment: response.sentiment.sentiment, overallScore: response.sentiment.score, mostNegativeAspect: mostNegativeSentence ? mostNegativeSentence.text : null }; } // Usage const feedback = "Overall I liked the product. However, the shipping was delayed by two weeks. The customer service was helpful in resolving the issue."; const analysis = await analyzeCustomerFeedback(feedback); console.log(analysis); ``` Find more information on Sentiment Analysis API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/sentiment) # Text Summarization Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/core-ai/summary Learn how to use JigsawStack's Summarization API to create concise summaries of long-form content ## Overview The Summarization API allows you to generate concise, accurate summaries of longer text content. Whether you're working with articles, documents, reports, or any long-form content, our API helps extract the essential information while maintaining context and meaning. * Transform long content into clear, concise summaries * Maintain key points and semantic meaning * Support for text, URL, and file inputs * Flexible output formats (paragraph or bullet points) * Process PDF documents directly from URLs or storage ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/summary ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from 'jigsawstack'; const jigsaw = new JigsawStack('your-api-key'); // Text summary example const response = await jigsaw.ai.summary({ text: "The renewable energy sector saw unprecedented growth in 2022, with solar and wind installation rates exceeding forecasts by 25%. Despite supply chain challenges related to the pandemic, global clean energy investment topped $500 billion for the first time. Notably, several major oil companies increased their renewable investments, with commitments to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. However, challenges remain, including grid integration issues, regulatory hurdles in developing markets, and the need for advanced energy storage solutions. Experts project continued acceleration through 2023, particularly in utility-scale solar and offshore wind development." }); console.log(response); // Bullet point summary example const bulletResponse = await jigsaw.ai.summary({ text: "The renewable energy sector saw unprecedented growth in 2022...", type: "points", max_points: 5 }); console.log(bulletResponse); ``` ## Response ```json Text Summary Response theme={null} { "success": true, "summary": "Renewable energy had record growth in 2022 with solar and wind exceeding forecasts, despite pandemic-related supply chain issues. Global clean energy investment surpassed $500 billion for the first time, with major oil companies investing in renewables to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Challenges include grid integration, regulatory barriers, and energy storage needs. Growth is expected to continue in 2023, especially in utility-scale solar and offshore wind." } ``` ```json Bullet Points Response theme={null} { "success": true, "summary": [ "Renewable energy growth exceeded forecasts by 25% in 2022", "Global clean energy investment topped $500 billion", "Major oil companies committed to carbon neutrality by 2050", "Challenges include grid integration, regulations, and energy storage", "Growth expected to continue in utility-scale solar and offshore wind" ] } ``` ## Optimizing Summary Quality For best results with the Summarization API: 1. **Provide sufficient context**: Longer text with complete context generally produces better summaries than short, fragmented content 2. **Choose the right format**: Use `type: "text"` for narrative content and `type: "points"` for factual or structured information 3. **Adjust max\_points**: When using bullet points, adjust the `max_points` parameter based on content complexity (more complex content may need more points) 4. **Consider the source**: For PDFs, ensure they're text-based rather than image-based for best results ## Example ```javascript Research Paper Assistant theme={null} // Example: Process research papers from PDFs async function createResearchSummaries(paperUrl) { // Generate a text summary from the PDF URL const textSummary = await jigsaw.ai.summary({ url: paperUrl, type: "text", max_characters: 1000 }); // Generate key points from the same PDF const keyPoints = await jigsaw.ai.summary({ url: paperUrl, type: "points", max_points: 10 }); return { fullSummary: textSummary.summary, keyPoints: keyPoints.summary }; } ``` Find more information on Summarization API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/summary) # Embedding Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/data/embedding Learn how to use JigsawStack's Embedding API to generate embeddings any form of data ## Overview The Embedding API allows you to generate high-quality vector embeddings from any form of data including text, images, audio, and documents. This powerful tool converts your data into numerical representations that capture semantic meaning, making it perfect for similarity search, recommendation systems, clustering, and AI applications. * Generate embeddings from text, images, audio, and documents * Support for multiple data formats and input types * High-dimensional vector representations with semantic understanding * Optimized for similarity search and machine learning tasks * Batch processing support for multiple inputs * Compatible with popular vector databases and AI frameworks ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/embedding ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.embedding({ "text": "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway", "type": "text" }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "embeddings": [ [ -0.06269700080156326, 0.0896194726228714, -0.04227621480822563, ... ] ], "chunks": [ "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 32, "output_tokens": 1226, "inference_time_tokens": 8507, "total_tokens": 9765 } } ``` ## Supported Input Types ### Text Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const textEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "text": "Advanced machine learning algorithms for data analysis", "type": "text" }); ``` ### Image Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const imageEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "image": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg", "type": "image" }); ``` ### PDF Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const docEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "document": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/pdf-example.pdf", "type": "pdf" }); ``` ### Audio Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const audioEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "audio": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", "type": "audio" }); ``` ## Use Cases & Applications ### Semantic Search Build powerful search that understands context and meaning, not just keywords. * **Example**: Search for "budget headphones" and find "affordable earbuds" * **Implementation**: Compare query embeddings with document embeddings using cosine similarity ### Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Connect AI models to your knowledge base for accurate, context-aware responses. * **Example**: Customer support chatbot that finds relevant documentation * **Benefits**: Reduces hallucinations, provides up-to-date information ### Content Recommendation Systems Suggest similar content based on semantic similarity. * **Example**: "Related articles" or "You might also like" features * **Implementation**: Find content with similar embeddings to current item ### Document Classification & Clustering Automatically categorize and group similar content. * **Example**: Organize support tickets by topic * **Implementation**: Group documents with similar embedding patterns Find more information on Embedding API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/embedding) # Embedding v2 Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/data/embedding-v2 Learn how to use JigsawStack's latest version of Embedding API to generate embeddings any form of data ## Overview The Embedding v2 API allows you to generate high-quality vector embeddings from any form of data including text, images, audio, and documents. This powerful tool converts your data into numerical representations that capture semantic meaning, making it perfect for similarity search, recommendation systems, clustering, and AI applications. * Generate embeddings from text, images, audio, and documents * Support for multiple data formats and input types * High-dimensional vector representations with semantic understanding * Optimized for similarity search and machine learning tasks * Batch processing support for multiple inputs * Compatible with popular vector databases and AI frameworks ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v2/embedding ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.embedding_v2({ "text": "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway", "type": "text" }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "embeddings": [ [ -0.06269700080156326, 0.0896194726228714, -0.04227621480822563, ... ] ], "chunks": [ "Caption: Secluded Tiki Bar on a serene lake, perfect for a refreshing drink and a relaxing getaway" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 32, "output_tokens": 1226, "inference_time_tokens": 8507, "total_tokens": 9765 } } ``` ## Speaker Fingerprint Embedding v2 supports speaker fingerprint for audio type. It is a unique identifier for each speaker. It is used to identify the speaker of the audio. By setting the `speaker_fingerprint` to true, you can get the `speaker_embeddings` to identify the speaker of the audio. ```javascript theme={null} const audio_response = await jigsaw.embedding_v2({ "audio": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", "type": "audio", "speaker_fingerprint": true }) ``` ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "embeddings": [ [...], ], "chunks": [...], "speaker_embeddings": [...], // only available for audio type and speaker_fingerprint is true "_usage": { "input_tokens": 32, "output_tokens": 1226, "inference_time_tokens": 8507, "total_tokens": 9765 } } ``` ## Supported Input Types ### Text Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const textEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "text": "Advanced machine learning algorithms for data analysis", "type": "text" }); ``` ### Image Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const imageEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "image": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg", "type": "image" }); ``` ### PDF Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const docEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "document": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/pdf-example.pdf", "type": "pdf" }); ``` ### Audio Embeddings ```javascript theme={null} const audioEmbedding = await jigsaw.embedding({ "audio": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/stt-example.wav", "type": "audio" }); ``` ## Use Cases & Applications ### Semantic Search Build powerful search that understands context and meaning, not just keywords. * **Example**: Search for "budget headphones" and find "affordable earbuds" * **Implementation**: Compare query embeddings with document embeddings using cosine similarity ### Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Connect AI models to your knowledge base for accurate, context-aware responses. * **Example**: Customer support chatbot that finds relevant documentation * **Benefits**: Reduces hallucinations, provides up-to-date information ### Content Recommendation Systems Suggest similar content based on semantic similarity. * **Example**: "Related articles" or "You might also like" features * **Implementation**: Find content with similar embeddings to current item ### Document Classification & Clustering Automatically categorize and group similar content. * **Example**: Organize support tickets by topic * **Implementation**: Group documents with similar embedding patterns Find more information on Embedding v2 API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/embedding-v2) # Prediction Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/data/prediction Learn how to use JigsawStack's Prediction API to forecast time series data ## Overview The Prediction API allows you to forecast time series data with minimal effort. Unlike traditional machine learning approaches that require model training and parameter tuning, our API automatically analyzes your data patterns and generates accurate predictions in seconds. * No model training required * Single API call for instant predictions * Works with any time-based numerical data * Automatically detects seasonality and trends * Supports business forecasting, IoT analytics, and market analysis * Ideal for resource planning and demand forecasting ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/prediction ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.prediction({ dataset: [ { date: "2023-01-01", value: 353459 }, { date: "2023-01-02", value: 313734 }, { date: "2023-01-03", value: 333774 }, { date: "2023-01-04", value: 348636 }, { date: "2023-01-05", value: 278903 } ], steps: 3 }); console.log(response); ``` ## Response ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "prediction": [ { "date": "2023-01-06 00:00:00", "value": 316329.9375 }, { "date": "2023-01-07 00:00:00", "value": 320094.71875 }, { "date": "2023-01-08 00:00:00", "value": 315214.5625 } ], "steps": 3 } ``` ## Data Requirements For optimal prediction accuracy, follow these guidelines: * **Consistent intervals**: Data points should follow a regular pattern (daily, hourly, etc.) * **Clean data**: Remove outliers or abnormal values that could skew predictions * **Sufficient history**: More historical data generally leads to better predictions * **Complete series**: Avoid gaps in your time series when possible ## Best Practices * **Start small and iterate**: Begin with a small dataset to test your integration before scaling up * **Validate predictions**: Compare API predictions with actual outcomes to calibrate expectations * **Combine with domain knowledge**: Enhance predictions by incorporating business context and external factors * **Update regularly**: Periodically refresh your models with new data to maintain accuracy ## Limitations * The prediction model works best with time series data that exhibits patterns or seasonality * Extreme events or disruptions in patterns may reduce prediction accuracy * Maximum forecast is limited to 500 steps ahead ## Sample Dataset A dataset must be an array of objects containing keys `date` and `value`. ```javascript theme={null} type Dataset = { date: string, value: number | string, }; const dataset: Array = [ { date: "2023-01-01", value: 353459 }, { date: "2023-01-02", value: 313734 }, { date: "2023-01-03", value: 333774 }, { date: "2023-01-04", value: 348636 }, { date: "2023-01-05", value: 278903 }, ]; ``` Find more information on Prediction API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/prediction) # Text To SQL Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/data/text-to-sql JigsawStack Text to SQL example. ## Overview In this example, we will use the Text to SQL API to query transactions records stored in an SQL database on [Dzero](https://dzero.dev/dashboard) using prompts. ## Initial Steps * Setup a JigsawStack account (if you don't have an account already) * Get your JigsawStack API key from [here](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard). * \[Optional] Obtain your Dzero token from [here](https://dzero.dev/dashboard). ### SQL Schema > A valid schema is passed to the `sql_schema` parameter as a string. The model uses this schema to generate an accurate SQL statement based on the given prompt. Below is an example of valid schema: ```sql theme={null} CREATE TABLE transactions ( id TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL DEFAULT ( lower(hex(randomblob(4))) || '-' || lower(hex(randomblob(2))) || '-4' || substr(lower(hex(randomblob(2))), 2) || '-' || substr('89ab', abs(random()) % 4 + 1, 1) || substr(lower(hex(randomblob(2))), 2) || '-' || lower(hex(randomblob(6))) ), created_at DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now', 'subsec')), amount NUMERIC NOT NULL, user_id TEXT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id)); ``` This schema was copied from the Dzero dashboard after the table was created. ## How to retrieve schema #### SQLite > Run this query to retrieve a schema for your SQLite database. ```SQL theme={null} SELECT sql,name FROM sqlite_schema WHERE type='table' AND sql NOT NULL ``` #### MySQL ```SQL theme={null} SELECT CONCAT('SHOW CREATE TABLE ', table_name, ';') FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'your_database_name'; ``` #### PostgreSQL ```SQL theme={null} SELECT 'CREATE TABLE ' || table_name || ' (' || string_agg( column_name || ' ' || data_type || CASE WHEN character_maximum_length IS NOT NULL THEN '(' || character_maximum_length || ')' ELSE '' END || CASE WHEN is_nullable = 'NO' THEN ' NOT NULL' ELSE '' END, ', ' ) || ');' AS create_table_statement FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_schema = 'your_database_name' GROUP BY table_schema, table_name; ``` ### After getting schema (optional) > If you are performing the operation above in node.js, you can consider the following below: ```javascript theme={null} const fullSchema = schemas.map((s) => s.sql).join("\n\n"); // Then use the full schema on guide below. ``` ### Usage ```javascript sql.ts theme={null} type TextToSQLParams = { prompt: string, sql_schema: string, }; type TextToSQLResult = { success: boolean, sql: string, }; type BodyParams = { prompt: string, }; import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); export const POST = async (request: Request) => { try { const params: BodyParams = await request.json(); // SQL schema const schema = `CREATE TABLE transactions ( id TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL DEFAULT ( lower(hex(randomblob(4))) || '-' || lower(hex(randomblob(2))) || '-4' || substr(lower(hex(randomblob(2))), 2) || '-' || substr('89ab', abs(random()) % 4 + 1, 1) || substr(lower(hex(randomblob(2))), 2) || '-' || lower(hex(randomblob(6))) ), created_at DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now', 'subsec')), amount NUMERIC NOT NULL, user_id TEXT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id))`; const payload: TextToSQLParams = { prompt: params.prompt, sql_schema: schema, }; const data: TextToSQLResult = await jigsawstack.text_to_sql(payload); // Makes DB call with translated query // Instead of using Dzero, you can use any SQL DB service of your choice. const dbResponse = await fetch("https://db.dzero.dev", { method: "POST", headers: { token: "", "content-type": "application/json", }, body: JSON.stringify({ sql: data.sql, }), }); const resp = await dbResponse.json(); return Response.json( { results: resp.results, }, { status: 200, } ); } catch (error) { handleError(error); } }; ``` Find more information on Text to SQL API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/text-to-sql) # File Delete Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/file-management/file-delete Learn how to delete files from JigsawStack File Storage using their unique key ## Overview The JigsawStack File Delete API allows you to permanently remove files that have been previously uploaded to JigsawStack File Storage. Using a file's unique key, you can delete files to free up storage space and manage your file inventory effectively. * Delete files using their unique storage key * Permanently remove files from storage * Simple integration with your existing applications * Secure access with API key authentication * Support for all file types stored in JigsawStack ## API Endpoint ``` DELETE /v1/store/file/delete/{key} ``` ## Quick Start We currently only support deleting files by their unique key through the API. ```curl CURL theme={null} curl https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/image-123.png?key=image-123.png \ -X DELETE \ -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \ -H 'x-api-key: your-api-key' ``` Find more information on File Delete API [here](/docs/api-reference/store/file/delete) # File Retrieve Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/file-management/file-retrieve Learn how to retrieve files from JigsawStack File Storage using their unique key ## Overview The JigsawStack File Retrieval API allows you to access and download files that have been previously uploaded to JigsawStack File Storage. Using a file's unique key, you can retrieve the file's accessible URL and metadata, making it easy to integrate stored files into your applications. * Retrieve files using their unique storage key * Get accessible URLs for file access * Simple integration with your existing applications * Secure access with API key authentication * Support for all file types stored in JigsawStack ## API Endpoint ``` GET /v1/store/file/read/{key} ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const result = await jigsaw.store.upload(imageFile, { key: "image-123" }); const response = await jigsaw.store.get({ "key": "image-123" }) ``` ## Response Example binary data of the file Find more information on File Retrieval API [here](/docs/api-reference/store/file/get) # File Upload Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/file-management/file-upload Learn how to upload files to JigsawStack File Storage and use them across different APIs ## Overview The JigsawStack File Storage API allows you to easily upload, manage, and serve files for your applications. Files are stored securely and can be accessed via URL, making it an ideal solution for image uploads, document storage, or any file-handling needs in your applications. > **Note**: The file upload method is ideal for files up to 100MB in size. * Secure file storage with fine-grained access control * Simple integration with other JigsawStack APIs * Automatic content-type detection * Support for overwriting existing files * Customizable file accessibility ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/store/upload ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); const imageFetch = await fetch("https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg"); const blob = await imageFetch.blob(); const response = await jigsaw.store.upload(blob, { key: "test-key", overwrite: true, }); ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "key": "test-key", "url": "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/store/file/read/1234", "size": 1024, } ``` ## Advanced Usage By default, trying to upload a file with a name that already exists will return an error. To replace an existing file, use the `overwrite` parameter: ```javascript Overwriting Existing Files theme={null} const result = await jigsaw.store.upload(imageFile, { filename: "beach_house.png", overwrite: true }); ``` While the API automatically detects the content type of uploaded files, you can explicitly set it with the `content_type` parameter: ```javascript Specifying Content Type theme={null} const result = await jigsaw.store.upload(imageFile, { filename: "beach_house.png", content_type: "image/png" }); ``` Uploaded files are private by default. To make a file accessible without authentication, append your public key to the URL: ```javascript Making Files Publicly Accessible theme={null} const publicFileUrl = `${result.url}?x-api-key=${publicKey}`; ``` You can use an uploaded file with other JigsawStack APIs by referencing its `key` in the `file_store_key` parameter: ```javascript Using Uploaded Files with Other JigsawStack APIs theme={null} // JavaScript example: Upload an image and use it with Vision OCR const uploadResult = await jigsaw.store.upload(imageFile, { filename: "receipt.jpg" }); // Use the uploaded image with the Vision OCR API const ocrResult = await jigsaw.vision.vocr({ prompt: "Extract all text from this receipt", file_store_key: uploadResult.key }); ``` Find more information on File Upload API [here](/docs/api-reference/file-management/file-upload) # Image Translation Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/translate/image-translation Learn how to use JigsawStack's Image Translation API to translate languages in images Image Translation ## Overview The Image Translation API allows you to extract and translate text from images into any of 100+ supported languages. This powerful tool combines OCR (Optical Character Recognition) with translation capabilities, making it perfect for translating documents, signs, menus, or any image containing text. * Extract and translate text from images in one API call * Support for 100+ target languages * High-quality OCR with accurate text extraction * Preserves original image layout with translated text * Multiple output formats (URL, base64, binary) * Works with various image formats (PNG, JPEG, WebP, etc.) ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/translate/image ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.translate.image({ "url": "https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1528716321680-815a8cdb8cbe?q=80&w=1376&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.1.0&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D", "target_language": "hi", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "url": "https://jigsawstack-temp.b1e91a466694ad4af04df5d05ca12d93.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/temp/93653e58-b1fa-4672-a81d-00be1b7ec18e.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=7b9a19349842b7b1a9e4c2e19f05b232%2F20250903%2Fauto%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250903T192434Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Signature=aed9e0a569eaa75c082410cda3bb643cc80e337cad0cb6dbb358f2526f3cc348&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 56, "output_tokens": 186, "inference_time_tokens": 24458, "total_tokens": 24700 } } ``` ## Supported Languages The Translation API supports over 100 languages. Here are some of the most commonly used: | Code | Language | Code | Language | Code | Language | | ---- | -------- | ---- | -------- | ---- | ---------- | | ar | Arabic | fr | French | pt | Portuguese | | bn | Bengali | de | German | ru | Russian | | zh | Chinese | hi | Hindi | es | Spanish | | en | English | ja | Japanese | sw | Swahili | | fi | Finnish | ko | Korean | tr | Turkish | For a complete list of supported languages, please visit our [Language Codes Reference](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). Find more information on Image Translation API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/translate/image-translate) # Text Translation Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/translate/text-translation Learn how to use the JigsawStack Translation API to translate text between 100+ languages ## Overview The Translation API provides fast, accurate translation between more than 100 languages. Designed for developers looking to build multilingual applications without complex setup, our translation service allows you to integrate language capabilities with just a few lines of code. * Support for 100+ languages * High-quality translations with context awareness * Automatic language detection * Batch translation support (translate multiple strings at once) * Specialized vocabulary handling ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/translate ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from 'jigsawstack'; const jigsaw = new JigsawStack('your-api-key'); const response = await jigsaw.ai.translate({ text: "Hello, how are you today?", target_language: "es" }); console.log(response); ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "translated_text": "Hola, ¿cómo estás hoy?", "detected_language": "en" } ``` ## Supported Languages The Translation API supports over 100 languages. Here are some of the most commonly used: | Code | Language | Code | Language | Code | Language | | ---- | -------- | ---- | -------- | ---- | ---------- | | ar | Arabic | fr | French | pt | Portuguese | | bn | Bengali | de | German | ru | Russian | | zh | Chinese | hi | Hindi | es | Spanish | | en | English | ja | Japanese | sw | Swahili | | fi | Finnish | ko | Korean | tr | Turkish | For a complete list of supported languages, please visit our [Language Codes Reference](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/additional-resources/languages). ## Example You can translate multiple strings at once by passing an array: ```javascript Batch Translation Example theme={null} const response = await jigsaw.ai.translate({ text: [ "Hello, how are you?", "What is your name?", "Welcome to our service!" ], target_language: "fr" }); console.log(response); // { // success: true, // translated_text: [ // "Bonjour, comment allez-vous ?", // "Comment vous appelez-vous ?", // "Bienvenue dans notre service !" // ], // detected_language: "en" // } ``` Find more information on Text Translation API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/translate/translate) # NSFW Detection Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/validate/nsfw Learn how to use the JigsawStack NSFW Detection API to identify inappropriate images ## Overview The NSFW (Not Safe For Work) Detection API helps you identify potentially inappropriate images, including nudity, violence, and explicit content. This API is essential for applications that need to maintain content standards, protect users from offensive material, or comply with platform guidelines. * High-accuracy detection of explicit visual content * Multiple content categories detection (nudity, gore, etc.) * Fast analysis response times * Simple integration with any image source * Confidence scores for detailed risk assessment ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/validate/nsfw ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); const url = "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/nsfw-example.jpg"; const result = await jigsawstack.validate.nsfw(url); console.log(result); ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "nsfw": false, "nudity": false, "gore": false, "nudity_score": 0.005777647718787193, "nsfw_score": 0.004729619482532144, "gore_score": 0.003681591246277094 } ``` Find more information on NSFW Detection API [here](/docs/api-reference/validate/nsfw) # Profanity Detection Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/validate/profanity Learn how to use JigsawStack's Profanity Detection API to identify and filter inappropriate content ## Overview The Profanity Detection API helps you identify and filter inappropriate language, slurs, and offensive content in text. Designed for content moderation across various platforms, our API goes beyond simple keyword matching to understand context and detect obfuscated profanity. **Key Benefits:** * High-accuracy detection of explicit and implicit profanity * Context-aware analysis that understands intent * Detection of obfuscated profanity and character substitutions * Multiple language support * Customizable sensitivity levels * Optional content masking ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/validate/profanity ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.profanity({ "text": "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language." }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "profanities_found": false, "profanities": [], "clean_text": "This is a sample text that might contain inappropriate language.", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 20, "output_tokens": 35, "inference_time_tokens": 235, "total_tokens": 290 } } ``` ## Use Cases ### Content Moderation Filter user-generated content on social platforms, forums, and comments sections. ### Child Safety Create safe environments for child-friendly applications and educational platforms. ### Brand Protection Ensure marketing content and customer interactions maintain brand-appropriate language. ## Example Applications ### Content Moderation Pipeline Implement a complete content moderation workflow: ```javascript theme={null} // Example: Complete content moderation pipeline async function moderateContent(userContent) { // Step 1: Check for profanity const profanityResult = await jigsaw.validate.profanity({ text: userContent, censor_replacement: "*" }); // Step 2: If content has profanity, use the censored version let processedContent = profanityResult.profanities_found > 0 ? profanityResult.clean_text : userContent; // Step 3: Add flags for content that may need manual review const needsReview = profanityResult.profanities_found > 3; // Step 4: Analyze sentiment on clean content const sentimentResult = await jigsaw.ai.sentiment({ text: processedContent }); return { original: userContent, processed: processedContent, contains_profanity: profanityResult.profanities_found > 0, profanity_count: profanityResult.profanities_found, sentiment: sentimentResult.sentiment, needs_review: needsReview }; } ``` ### Chat Application Filter ```javascript theme={null} // Example: Real-time chat message filter function ChatApp() { const [message, setMessage] = useState(""); const [isSending, setIsSending] = useState(false); const handleSendMessage = async () => { if (!message.trim()) return; setIsSending(true); try { // Check message for profanity before sending const profanityCheck = await jigsaw.validate.profanity({ text: message, censor_replacement: "*" }); if (profanityCheck.profanities_found > 3) { // High profanity count - don't send and alert user alert("Your message contains inappropriate language and cannot be sent."); return; } else if (profanityCheck.profanities_found > 0) { // Contains some profanity - confirm with user to send censored version const willSendCensored = confirm( "Your message contains some inappropriate language. " + "Would you like to send a filtered version instead?" ); if (willSendCensored) { await sendMessageToChat(profanityCheck.clean_text); } else { return; } } else { // No profanity - send as is await sendMessageToChat(message); } // Clear input after sending setMessage(""); } catch (error) { console.error("Error sending message:", error); alert("Failed to send message. Please try again."); } finally { setIsSending(false); } }; return ( // Chat UI components... ); } ``` ## FAQ ### How effective is the profanity detection for non-English content? The profanity detection API is most effective for English content, but also provides good coverage for major languages including Spanish, French, German, Italian, and Portuguese. For other languages, basic profanity detection is available but may not catch language-specific slang or culturally specific offensive terms. ### Can the API detect deliberately obfuscated profanity? Yes, the API is designed to detect common obfuscation techniques such as: * Character substitution (e.g., "sh!t", "f\*\*k") * Letter omission (e.g., "sh-t", "fck") * Deliberate misspellings (e.g., "phuck") * Zero-width space insertion However, very creative or unusual obfuscation methods might occasionally bypass detection. ### How can I reduce false positives? If you're experiencing false positives (benign words incorrectly flagged as profanity), consider these approaches: 1. Post-process the results to whitelist certain terms specific to your domain 2. Implement a user feedback system to identify false positives 3. Add a human review step for edge cases Find more information on Profanity Detection API [here](/docs/api-reference/validate/profanity) # Spam Detection Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/validate/spam-check Learn how to use JigsawStack's Spam Detection API to identify and filter unwanted messages and content ## Overview The Spam Detection API helps you identify unwanted or unsolicited content across various channels, including emails, comments, reviews, and form submissions. Using advanced machine learning algorithms, it analyzes content to distinguish between legitimate messages and spam with high accuracy. **Key Benefits:** * High-accuracy spam detection across multiple content types * Detailed confidence scores with granular classification * Specialized detection for different spam categories * Low false positive rates for minimal legitimate content filtering * Adaptable to domain-specific contexts ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/validate/spam_check ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.spamcheck({ "text": "Congratulations! You've won a free iPhone! Click here to claim now!" }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "check": { "score": 0.95, "is_spam": true }, "_usage": { "input_tokens": 20, "output_tokens": 14, "inference_time_tokens": 608, "total_tokens": 642 } } ``` ## Use Cases ### Comment Protection Filter spam from blog comments, forum posts, and user-generated content. ### Contact Form Validation Identify spam submissions in website contact forms and lead generation pages. ### Email Filtering Add an additional layer of spam protection to email communications. ## Best Practices ### Handling Edge Cases When implementing spam detection, consider these edge cases and best practices: 1. **Short Messages**: Very brief messages may not provide enough context for accurate detection. Consider implementing length thresholds before sending content for analysis. 2. **False Positives**: Some legitimate messages may occasionally be flagged as spam. Consider implementing a scoring threshold appropriate to your use case rather than relying solely on the binary `is_spam` value. 3. **Bulk Processing**: When processing large volumes of content, use the array input format to improve efficiency. ```javascript theme={null} // Example: Processing multiple messages efficiently async function bulkSpamCheck(messages) { // Group messages in batches of 100 const results = []; for (let i = 0; i < messages.length; i += 100) { const batch = messages.slice(i, Math.min(i + 100, messages.length)); const response = await jigsaw.validate.spamcheck({ text: batch }); if (response.success) { // Handle batch results const batchResults = Array.isArray(response.check) ? response.check : [response.check]; results.push(...batchResults.map((check, index) => ({ message: batch[index], isSpam: check.is_spam, score: check.score }))); } } return results; } ``` ### Customizing Thresholds Different applications may require different spam sensitivity levels. Customize your implementation based on your specific needs: ```javascript theme={null} // Example: Customizing spam detection thresholds function classifyMessage(spamCheckResult) { const { is_spam, score } = spamCheckResult.check; // Custom classification logic if (score > 0.8) { return "definitely_spam"; // Block or hide this content } else if (score > 0.5) { return "likely_spam"; // Flag for moderation } else if (score > 0.2) { return "possible_spam"; // Show but with warning } else { return "not_spam"; // Show normally } } // Usage const response = await jigsaw.validate.spamcheck({ text: "Check out this amazing offer! Limited time only!" }); const classification = classifyMessage(response); // Handle message based on classification ``` Find more information on Spam Detection API [here](/docs/api-reference/validate/spam-check) # Spell Check Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/validate/spell-check Learn how to use JigsawStack's Spell Check API to detect and correct spelling errors in text content ## Overview The Spell Check API provides intelligent detection and correction of spelling errors in text content. Designed to be both accurate and context-aware, this API can improve content quality for various text-based applications without requiring complex NLP knowledge or infrastructure. **Key Benefits:** * High-accuracy spelling error detection and correction * Context-aware corrections that understand meaning * Support for multiple languages * Flexible output options with correction suggestions * Real-time error detection for interactive applications ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/validate/spell_check ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.validate.spellcheck({ "text": "This sentense has a speling mistake." }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "misspellings_found": true, "misspellings": [ { "word": "sentense", "startIndex": 5, "endIndex": 13, "expected": [ "sentence" ], "auto_corrected": true }, { "word": "speling", "startIndex": 20, "endIndex": 27, "expected": [ "spelling", "spewing", "spieling" ], "auto_corrected": true } ], "auto_correct_text": "This sentence has a spelling mistake.", "_usage": { "input_tokens": 13, "output_tokens": 83, "inference_time_tokens": 1317, "total_tokens": 1413 } } ``` ## Use Cases ### Content Quality Assurance Automatically check spelling in articles, blogs, and other written content. ### Educational Tools Create learning applications that help students improve their spelling. ### Form Validation Enhance user experience by detecting spelling errors before form submission. ## FAQ ### How does the spell checker handle proper nouns? The spell checker is designed to recognize common proper nouns like names, brands, and places. However, very new, uncommon, or industry-specific proper nouns might be flagged as misspellings. If your content contains many specialized terms, consider building a custom dictionary for your specific use case. ### Does the spell checker recognize technical terminology? The spell checker includes common terminology from various fields including technology, medicine, law, and science. For highly specialized content, it's recommended to review corrections rather than applying them automatically. ### Can I use the spell checker for languages other than English? Yes, the spell checker supports multiple languages including Spanish, French, German, Italian, and Portuguese. Make sure to specify the correct language\_code parameter for the language of your text to get accurate results. Find more information on Spell Check API [here](/docs/api-reference/validate/spellcheck) # Object Detection Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/vision/object-detection Detect objects and GUI elements in images with our advanced Object Detection API Object Detection ## Overview The Object Detection API is a powerful computer vision tool that can identify and locate objects, GUI elements, and interactive components in images. This advanced API is perfect for automation, testing, and building intelligent applications that need to understand visual content. **Object Detection** excels at the following: * GUI Automation: Identify buttons, forms, menus, and other interface elements for automated testing and interaction. * Computer Vision Applications: Detect and classify objects in images for inventory management, security systems, and content analysis. * Accessibility Tools: Locate and describe visual elements to assist users with visual impairments in navigating interfaces. * Quality Assurance: Automatically verify that UI elements are properly positioned and displayed across different devices and browsers. Let's see the Object Detection API in action by building an object detector. ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/object-detection ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.vision.object_detection({ "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/object-detection-example-input.jpg", "features": [ "object_detection" ], "annotated_image": true, "return_type": "url" }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "annotated_image": "https://jigsawstack-temp.b1e91a466694ad4af04df5d05ca12d93.r2.cloudflarestorage.com/temp/c8a7c3ea-1a47-420f-8503-e3f391fd5e9f.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=7b9a19349842b7b1a9e4c2e19f05b232%2F20250903%2Fauto%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250903T192453Z&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Signature=04d2cc2f75cd561acc7333f2db3f999677c95da9c8507e223dec842233b72b50&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject", "objects": [...], "tags": [ "TV", "Hands", "Controller", "Table", "Wii", "Playstation", "Wires", "Minecraft", "Castle", "Sky", "Water", "Trees", "Grass", "UI", "Character" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 39, "output_tokens": 3036, "inference_time_tokens": 34278, "total_tokens": 37353 } } ``` ## Use Cases & Applications ### GUI Automation Automate UI testing and interaction with the detected objects. * **Example**: Click on a button, fill out a form, or navigate through a menu. * **Implementation**: Use the detected object coordinates to interact with the UI elements. ### Computer Vision Applications Detect and classify objects in images for inventory management, security systems, and content analysis. * **Example**: Identify objects in a warehouse, track inventory levels, or detect unauthorized items. * **Implementation**: Use the detected object coordinates to track and manage inventory. ### Quality Assurance Automatically verify that UI elements are properly positioned and displayed across different devices and browsers. * **Example**: Verify that UI elements are properly positioned and displayed across different devices and browsers. * **Implementation**: Use the detected object coordinates to verify that UI elements are properly positioned and displayed across different devices and browsers. Find more information on Object Detection API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/object-detection) # vOCR Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/vision/vocr Extract data from any document type in a consistent structure with fine-tuned vLLMs for the highest accuracy. ## Overview The vOCR is a robust Object Character Recognition (OCR) API, enhanced with fine-tuned vLLMs, designed to efficiently extract data from various document types in a consistent structure. **vOCR** shines at the following: * KYC Automation: Streamlines the verification process by extracting Personally Identifiable Information (PII) from documents to verify customer identity. * Financial Data Extraction: Automates the extraction of financial data from statements, reports, and other financial documents for analysis and reporting. * Healthcare Records Management: Extracts patient information, medical history, and treatment details from healthcare records for efficient data management and analysis. * Classification Engines: Facilitates accurate categorization and organization of extracted data. ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/vocr ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.vision.vocr({ "prompt": [ "total_price", "tax" ], "url": "https://jigsawstack.com/preview/vocr-example.jpg" }) ``` ## Response Example ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "context": { "total_price": [ "144.02" ], "tax": [ "4.58" ] }, "width": 720, "height": 960, "tags": [ "text", "paper", "receipt" ], "has_text": true, "sections": [...], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 23, "output_tokens": 11203, "inference_time_tokens": 3082, "total_tokens": 14308 } } ``` Find more information on vOCR API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/vocr) # AI Web Scraper Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/web-scrape/ai-scrape Learn how to use JigsawStack's AI Web Scraper to intelligently extract specific information from any website ## Overview The AI Web Scraper API allows you to extract specific information from any website using natural language prompts. Unlike traditional web scrapers that require complex CSS selectors or XPath expressions, our AI-powered scraper lets you describe what data you want in plain English, then intelligently extracts it from the page. * Extract data using simple natural language prompts * No need for complex selectors, XPath, or DOM knowledge * Works with dynamic websites and JavaScript-rendered content * Handles various data structures (text, lists, tables) * Adapts to changing website layouts ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/ai/scrape ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.ai_scrape({ url: "https://news.ycombinator.com", element_prompts: ["post_titles", "post_points", "post_username"], }); console.log(response); ``` ### Response ```json theme={null} { "context": { "post_titles": [ "The Grug Brained Developer (2022)", "Honda conducts successful launch and landing of experimental reusable rocket", "Resurrecting a dead torrent tracker and finding 3M peers", "Building Effective AI Agents", "Bzip2 crate switches from C to 100% rust", "AMD's CDNA 4 Architecture Announcement", "Making 2.5 Flash and 2.5 Pro GA, and introducing Gemini 2.5 Flash-Lite", "Foundry (YC F24) Hiring Early Engineer to Build Web Agent Infrastructure", "LLMs pose an interesting problem for DSL designers", "Time Series Forecasting with Graph Transformers", "What Google Translate Can Tell Us About Vibecoding", "Why JPEGs still rule the web (2024)", "AI will shrink Amazon's workforce in the coming years, CEO Jassy says", "Tetrachromatic Vision", "After millions of years, why are carnivorous plants still so small?", "From SDR to 'Fake HDR': Mario Kart World on Switch 2", "The hamburger-menu icon today: Is it recognizable?", "A Rural Public Transit Odyssey", "Bots are overwhelming websites with their hunger for AI data", "AMD's Pre-Zen Interconnect: Testing Trinity's Northbridge", "O3 Turns Pro", "Real-time action chunking with large models", "The magic of through running", "Voyager: Real-Time Splatting City-Scale 3D Gaussians on Your Phone", "Attempting to Make the Smallest* Electric Motor [video]", "CPU-Based Layout Design for Picker-to-Parts Pallet Warehouses", "Miscalculation by Spanish power grid operator REE contributed to blackout", "What happens when clergy take psilocybin", "Calculating Oil Storage Tank Occupancy with Help of Satellite Imagery", "Guidelines on how to be a scientific sleuth released" ], "post_points": [ "213 points", "682 points", "264 points", "161 points", "48 points", "73 points", "240 points", "64 points", "50 points", "43 points", "107 points", "51 points", "14 points", "25 points", "21 points", "57 points", "9 points", "18 points", "94 points", "143 points", "29 points", "154 points", "40 points", "81 points", "15 points", "327 points", "28 points" ], "post_username": [ "smartmic", "LorenDB", "k-ian", "Anon84", "Bogdanp", "rbanffy", "meetpateltech", "gopiandcode", "turntable_pride", "todsacerdoti", "purpleko", "rntn", "surprisetalk", "gmays", "ibobev", "thm", "herbertl", "Bender", "zdw", "jsnider3", "pr337h4m", "ortegaygasset", "PaulHoule", "croes", "bookofjoe", "marklit", "crescit_eundo" ] } .... } ``` ## Writing Effective Prompts The quality of your element prompts significantly affects extraction accuracy. Follow these guidelines: 1. **Be specific**: Instead of "price", use "current sale price" or "subscription price per month" 2. **Provide context**: Use "number of rooms available" instead of just "number" 3. **Specify format when needed**: "Release date in YYYY-MM-DD format" or "price in USD" 4. **Clarify structure**: "List of ingredients" indicates you expect an array return ## Advanced Example ```javascript Handling Dynamic Content theme={null} const response = await jigsaw.web.ai_scrape({ url: "https://www.linkedin.com/in/yoeven/", element_prompts: ["full_name", "current_job_title", "current_company"], selectors: ["div.not-first-middot > span:nth-child(1)"], }); ``` ### Response ```json theme={null} { "context": { "full_name": [ "Yoeven D Khemlani" ], "current_job_title": [ "Founder at JigsawStack 🧩" ], "current_company": [ "JigsawStack" ], "div.not-first-middot > span:nth-child(1)": [ "3K followers" ] } .... } ``` Find more information on AI Web Scraper API [here](/docs/api-reference/ai/scrape) # HTML To Any Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/web-scrape/html-to-any Learn how to capture website screenshots and generate images or PDFs using JigsawStack's HTML To Any API ## Overview The HTML To Any API allows you to capture high-quality screenshots of any webpage or HTML content. This powerful tool enables you to generate images in various formats (PNG, JPEG, WebP) or PDF documents with extensive customization options for different use cases. * High-quality website captures with customizable resolution * Support for multiple output formats (PNG, JPEG, WebP, PDF) * Full-page screenshots that capture entire scrollable content * Dark mode rendering support * Advanced options for PDF generation ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/web/html_to_any ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript JavaScript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.html_to_any({ "url": "https://news.ycombinator.com/", "return_type": "url" }) ``` ## Optimizing Performance For faster screenshot generation: ```javascript theme={null} // Optimize load time by only waiting for essential elements const result = await jigsaw.web.html_to_any({ url: "https://example.com", goto_options: { wait_until: "domcontentloaded", // Faster than waiting for full load timeout: 5000 // Shorter timeout for quicker response }, quality: 70, // Lower quality for faster processing type: "jpeg" // Usually processes faster than PNG }); ``` ### Capturing Single-Page Applications For SPAs or dynamic content that requires extra time to load: ```javascript theme={null} // Give more time for JavaScript-heavy pages to render const result = await jigsaw.web.html_to_any({ url: "https://dynamic-spa-example.com", goto_options: { wait_until: "networkidle0", // Wait until network is idle timeout: 15000 // Extended timeout for dynamic content }, full_page: true }); ``` ## Common Questions ### What's the difference between capturing by URL vs. HTML? When you provide a URL, the API loads the complete webpage including all external resources like JavaScript, CSS, and images. When you provide HTML directly, you need to ensure all resources are either embedded or accessible via absolute URLs. ### How long does the API wait for a page to load? By default, the API waits for the window\.load event with a timeout of 15 seconds. You can customize this behavior using the goto\_options parameter to wait for different events like domcontentloaded or networkidle0. Find more information on HTML To Any API [here](/docs/api-reference/web/html-to-any) # Web Search Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/web-search/ai-search Learn how to use JigsawStack's Web Search API to access high-quality search results with built-in geo search capabilities ## Overview The Web Search API provides access to high-quality search results with built-in AI overviews, comprehensive metadata, and geo-spatial search capabilities. This API makes it easy to integrate powerful search functionality into your applications while also providing location-based context for search queries. * Get comprehensive search results with rich metadata * AI-generated overviews for quick content digestion * Built-in geo search capabilities for location-aware applications * Safe search filtering options * Customizable search parameters ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/web/search ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.search({ query: "capital of France", ai_overview: true, safe_search: "moderate" }); console.log(response); console.log(response.geo_results[0].geoloc); ``` ## Response ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "query": "capital of France", "ai_overview": "The capital of France is Paris. It has been the capital since its liberation in 1944.", "is_safe": true, "results": [ { "title": "List of capitals of France - Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_France", "description": "This is a chronological list of capitals of France. The capital of France has been Paris since its liberation in 1944...", "content": "List of capitals of France\nContents\nChronology\nReferences\nThis is a chronological list of capitals of France. The capital of France has been Paris since its liberation in 1944...", "site_name": "Wikipedia", "site_long_name": "en.wikipedia.org", "age": "2023-12-02T17:44:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://en.wikipedia.org&size=96", "snippets": [...] }, // Additional results... ], "geo_results": [ { "type": "place", "name": "Paris", "place_formatted": "France", "country": {...}, "language": "need_request_lang", "geoloc": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [42.947813, 1.957948] }, "additional_properties": {} }, // Additional geo results... ], "image_urls": [...] } ``` ## Working with Geo Results The API automatically includes geolocation data when relevant to your search query. The `geo_results` array contains location information with the following structure: * `type`: Type of location (place, street, etc.) * `name`: Name of the location * `place_formatted`: Formatted place name * `country`: Country information * `geoloc`: GeoJSON object with coordinates * Additional fields depending on the location type ## Examples ### Basic Search ```javascript theme={null} const basicSearch = await jigsaw.web.search({ query: "best restaurants in New York", }); console.log(basicSearch.ai_overview); console.log(basicSearch.results.length); ``` ### Location-Based Search ```javascript theme={null} const locationSearch = await jigsaw.web.search({ query: "nearest national parks", country_code: "USA", }); // Access geo results locationSearch.geo_results.forEach(location => { console.log(`${location.name}: ${location.geoloc.coordinates}`); }); ``` ### Custom URL Inclusion ```javascript theme={null} const customSearch = await jigsaw.web.search({ query: "climate change solutions", byo_urls: [ "https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/", "https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/resources/" ], ai_overview: true }); ``` ## Tips for Effective Searches 1. **Be specific**: More detailed queries yield more precise results 2. **Use location context**: For geo-aware searches, include location names in your query 3. **Leverage AI overviews**: Enable `ai_overview` to get concise summaries of search results 4. **Filter appropriately**: Use `safe_search` levels based on your application needs 5. **Consider rate limits**: Be mindful of your API usage limits, especially for high-volume applications Find more information on Web Search API [here](/docs/api-reference/web/ai-search) # Deep Research Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/web-search/deep-research Learn how to use JigsawStack's Deep Research API for deep and thorough report generation ## Overview The Deep Research API enables comprehensive, multi-layered research by automatically conducting iterative searches and analysis to generate detailed, well-sourced reports. This powerful tool goes beyond simple search results to provide thorough investigations of complex topics with AI-powered synthesis and analysis. * Conduct deep, recursive research with configurable depth and breadth * Automatic follow-up queries based on initial findings * Customizable research parameters for different use cases * High-quality output with proper citations and source attribution ## API Endpoint ``` POST /v1/web/deep_research ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.deep_research({ "query": "What is the meaning of life?", "max_depth": 3, "max_breadth": 3, "max_output_tokens": 32000, }) ``` ## Response ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "query": "What is the meaning of life?", "results": "The question \"What is the meaning of life?\" has been a central concern across philosophy, science, and religion, each offering distinct yet sometimes overlapping perspectives. Below, we synthesize these major viewpoints to provide a comprehensive overview.\n\nPhilosophical Perspectives\n\nPhilosophers have long debated whether life has an inherent meaning or whether meaning is something we must create for ourselves. Existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus argue that life has no predetermined purpose; instead, individuals must forge their own meaning through choices and actions, embracing personal freedom and responsibility in an indifferent or even absurd universe [[1](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)][[10](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)][[11](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)][[12](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)]. Camus, for example, suggests that while the universe is inherently meaningless, we can find value by confronting and accepting this absurdity [[6](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life)][[10](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)].\n\nIn contrast, some philosophical traditions posit that meaning can be found in the pursuit of virtue or happiness. Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia emphasizes flourishing through virtuous living and fulfilling one’s potential [[4](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-philosophical-perspective-kevin-halliday)][[13](https://medium.com/@edwardoreid/finding-meaning-and-purpose-in-life-a-philosophical-perspective-557f24709484)]. Utilitarianism, meanwhile, holds that the purpose of life is to maximize happiness and minimize suffering for the greatest number of people [[11](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)].\n\nNihilism represents a more pessimistic view, asserting that life lacks any objective meaning or value [[1](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)][[7](https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/ys7vtg/what_is_truly_the_meaning_of_life/)][[16](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)]. However, many modern philosophers suggest that meaning can be constructed through narrative, relationships, creativity, and engagement with the world, even if no ultimate purpose exists [[5](https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/)][[12](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)][[16](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)].\n\nScientific Explanations\n\nScience approaches the question of life’s meaning from a naturalistic and empirical standpoint. Evolutionary biology explains life as a product of natural selection, with the primary biological purpose being survival and reproduction [[19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life)][[21](https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/mar/05/meaning-life-evolution-universe)][[25](https://www.britannica.com/science/life)][[45](https://listverse.com/2014/08/16/10-different-views-on-the-meaning-of-life/)]. From this perspective, life does not possess an inherent cosmic purpose; rather, meaning is a human construct, emerging from our psychological and social needs [[20](https://csferrie.medium.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-science-8f28bc349cf6)][[29](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/74115/what-is-the-scientific-purpose-of-existence)].\n\nPsychological research identifies three core components of meaning in life: coherence (making sense of one’s experiences), purpose (having goals and direction), and significance (feeling that one’s life matters) [[22](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921)][[28](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898466/)][[33](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)]. Studies show that people derive meaning from relationships, achievement, personal growth, and contributing to something larger than themselves [[22](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921)][[31](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2021/10/meaning-life-macronutrients-purpose-search/620440/)][[32](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6923189/)]. While science can explain the mechanisms of life and the origins of meaning-making, it does not provide an ultimate answer to the existential “why” [[23](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3492717/)][[27](https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/origin-life-earth-explained)][[29](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/74115/what-is-the-scientific-purpose-of-existence)].\n\nReligious and Spiritual Interpretations\n\nReligious traditions offer a wide array of answers, often grounded in the belief in a higher power or transcendent reality. In Christianity and Islam, the meaning of life is typically framed as serving God, seeking spiritual growth, and preparing for an afterlife [[37](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)][[40](https://www.cslewis.org/journal/the-image-of-god-religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-toward-a-christian-philosophical-anthropology/)][[42](https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-is-the-meaning-of-life)]. Hinduism and Buddhism emphasize spiritual development, liberation from suffering, and the realization of one’s true nature, often across multiple lifetimes [[37](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)][[38](https://www.alluringworld.com/the-symbolism-of-the-tree-of-life-in-various-religions-and-philosophies/)]. Judaism highlights ethical living and the repair of the world (tikkun olam) [[35](https://www.reddit.com/r/religion/comments/rpzogc/whats_the_meaning_of_life_according_to_your/)][[37](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)].\n\nReligious participation is strongly correlated with a sense of meaning and well-being, as faith provides a framework for understanding existence, establishing values, and coping with adversity [[34](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4580713/)][[41](https://psyche.co/ideas/religion-gives-life-meaning-can-anything-else-take-its-place)][[43](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/58/3/S160/583377)]. However, many people find meaning outside of traditional religion, through secular spirituality, community, and personal fulfillment [[44](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/02/you-dont-need-a-faith-to-find-the-meaning-of-life)].\n\nSynthesis and Integration\n\nThe search for life’s meaning is deeply personal and multifaceted. Philosophical, scientific, and religious perspectives each contribute valuable insights, but none offers a definitive, one-size-fits-all answer. For some, meaning is created through personal agency and relationships; for others, it is discovered through spiritual or religious commitment; and for many, it is a dynamic interplay of both subjective and objective elements [[12](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)][[16](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)][[33](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)].\n\nUltimately, the meaning of life may not be a single, universal truth, but rather a tapestry woven from individual beliefs, experiences, and cultural influences. The ongoing quest for meaning reflects humanity’s enduring desire to understand our place in the cosmos and to live with purpose and significance.The question \"What is the meaning of life?\" has been a central concern across philosophy, science, and religion, each offering distinct yet sometimes overlapping perspectives. Below, we synthesize these major viewpoints to provide a comprehensive overview.\n\nPhilosophical Perspectives\n\nPhilosophers have long debated whether life has an inherent meaning or whether meaning is something we must create for ourselves. Existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus argue that life has no predetermined purpose; instead, individuals must forge their own meaning through choices and actions, embracing personal freedom and responsibility in an indifferent or even absurd universe [[1](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)][[10](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)][[11](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)][[12](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)]. Camus, for example, suggests that while the universe is inherently meaningless, we can find value by confronting and accepting this absurdity [[6](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life)][[10](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)].\n\nIn contrast, some philosophical traditions posit that meaning can be found in the pursuit of virtue or happiness. Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia emphasizes flourishing through virtuous living and fulfilling one’s potential [[4](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-philosophical-perspective-kevin-halliday)][[13](https://medium.com/@edwardoreid/finding-meaning-and-purpose-in-life-a-philosophical-perspective-557f24709484)]. Utilitarianism, meanwhile, holds that the purpose of life is to maximize happiness and minimize suffering for the greatest number of people [[11](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)].\n\nNihilism represents a more pessimistic view, asserting that life lacks any objective meaning or value [[1](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)][[7](https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/ys7vtg/what_is_truly_the_meaning_of_life/)][[16](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)]. However, many modern philosophers suggest that meaning can be constructed through narrative, relationships, creativity, and engagement with the world, even if no ultimate purpose exists [[5](https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/)][[12](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)][[16](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)].\n\nScientific Explanations\n\nScience approaches the question of life’s meaning from a naturalistic and empirical standpoint. Evolutionary biology explains life as a product of natural selection, with the primary biological purpose being survival and reproduction [[19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life)][[21](https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/mar/05/meaning-life-evolution-universe)][[25](https://www.britannica.com/science/life)][[45](https://listverse.com/2014/08/16/10-different-views-on-the-meaning-of-life/)]. From this perspective, life does not possess an inherent cosmic purpose; rather, meaning is a human construct, emerging from our psychological and social needs [[20](https://csferrie.medium.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-science-8f28bc349cf6)][[29](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/74115/what-is-the-scientific-purpose-of-existence)].\n\nPsychological research identifies three core components of meaning in life: coherence (making sense of one’s experiences), purpose (having goals and direction), and significance (feeling that one’s life matters) [[22](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921)][[28](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898466/)][[33](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)]. Studies show that people derive meaning from relationships, achievement, personal growth, and contributing to something larger than themselves [[22](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921)][[31](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2021/10/meaning-life-macronutrients-purpose-search/620440/)][[32](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6923189/)]. While science can explain the mechanisms of life and the origins of meaning-making, it does not provide an ultimate answer to the existential “why” [[23](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3492717/)][[27](https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/origin-life-earth-explained)][[29](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/74115/what-is-the-scientific-purpose-of-existence)].\n\nReligious and Spiritual Interpretations\n\nReligious traditions offer a wide array of answers, often grounded in the belief in a higher power or transcendent reality. In Christianity and Islam, the meaning of life is typically framed as serving God, seeking spiritual growth, and preparing for an afterlife [[37](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)][[40](https://www.cslewis.org/journal/the-image-of-god-religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-toward-a-christian-philosophical-anthropology/)][[42](https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-is-the-meaning-of-life)]. Hinduism and Buddhism emphasize spiritual development, liberation from suffering, and the realization of one’s true nature, often across multiple lifetimes [[37](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)][[38](https://www.alluringworld.com/the-symbolism-of-the-tree-of-life-in-various-religions-and-philosophies/)]. Judaism highlights ethical living and the repair of the world (tikkun olam) [[35](https://www.reddit.com/r/religion/comments/rpzogc/whats_the_meaning_of_life_according_to_your/)][[37](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)].\n\nReligious participation is strongly correlated with a sense of meaning and well-being, as faith provides a framework for understanding existence, establishing values, and coping with adversity [[34](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4580713/)][[41](https://psyche.co/ideas/religion-gives-life-meaning-can-anything-else-take-its-place)][[43](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/58/3/S160/583377)]. However, many people find meaning outside of traditional religion, through secular spirituality, community, and personal fulfillment [[44](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/02/you-dont-need-a-faith-to-find-the-meaning-of-life)].\n\nSynthesis and Integration\n\nThe search for life’s meaning is deeply personal and multifaceted. Philosophical, scientific, and religious perspectives each contribute valuable insights, but none offers a definitive, one-size-fits-all answer. For some, meaning is created through personal agency and relationships; for others, it is discovered through spiritual or religious commitment; and for many, it is a dynamic interplay of both subjective and objective elements [[12](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)][[16](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)][[33](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)].\n\nUltimately, the meaning of life may not be a single, universal truth, but rather a tapestry woven from individual beliefs, experiences, and cultural influences. The ongoing quest for meaning reflects humanity’s enduring desire to understand our place in the cosmos and to live with purpose and significance.\n\n\n\n## References\n\n1. [The Meaning of Life (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/)\n2. [Meaning of Life, The: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ear/)\n3. [Meaning of life - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life)\n4. [The Meaning of Life: A Philosophical Perspective](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-philosophical-perspective-kevin-halliday)\n5. [Meaning of LIfe: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/)\n6. [nietzsche - Various Philosopher's Perspective on the Meaning or Purpose of Life - Philosophy Stack Exchange](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/40299/various-philosophers-perspective-on-the-meaning-or-purpose-of-life)\n7. [r/askphilosophy on Reddit: What is truly the meaning of life?](https://www.reddit.com/r/askphilosophy/comments/ys7vtg/what_is_truly_the_meaning_of_life/)\n8. [7 Philosophies of the Meaning of Life that I Find Interesting | by Rolend | Medium](https://medium.com/@rolendpetalcorin/7-philosophies-of-the-meaning-of-life-that-interest-me-4a2c5ca72daf)\n9. [What Is Life? | Issue 101 | Philosophy Now](https://philosophynow.org/issues/101/What_Is_Life)\n10. [4 philosophical answers to the meaning of life - Big Think](https://bigthink.com/thinking/four-philosophical-answers-meaning-of-life/)\n11. [The meaning of life: exploring different philosophical perspectives](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/meaning-life-exploring-different-philosophical-perspectives-lee)\n12. [What is the Meaning of Life: A Comprehensive Exploration and Analysis](https://achology.com/general-interest/what-is-the-meaning-of-life-a-comprehensive-exploration/)\n13. [Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life: A Philosophical Perspective | by Edward Reid | Medium](https://medium.com/@edwardoreid/finding-meaning-and-purpose-in-life-a-philosophical-perspective-557f24709484)\n14. [Philosophies That Can Change The Way You Look At Life | by Valerie | Dare To Be Better | Medium](https://medium.com/dare-to-be-better/philosophies-that-can-change-the-way-you-look-at-life-92162c8427b5)\n15. [r/Existentialism on Reddit: What is the meaning of life? Why are we here?](https://www.reddit.com/r/Existentialism/comments/qhrf9q/what_is_the_meaning_of_life_why_are_we_here/)\n16. [The Meaning of Life Examine different philosophical perspectives on the meaning or purpose of human - CliffsNotes](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/7377736)\n17. [What is Life? The Philosophical Perspective. | by Amlesh Ranjan | Medium](https://amleshranjan.medium.com/what-is-life-the-philosophical-perspective-aa4055f1f3ea)\n18. [What is the philosophical meaning of life? - Quora](https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-meaning-of-life-according-to-different-philosophical-perspectives)\n19. [Life - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life)\n20. [The Meaning of Life, According to Science | by Chris Ferrie | Medium](https://csferrie.medium.com/the-meaning-of-life-according-to-science-8f28bc349cf6)\n21. [Is this the meaning of life? | Evolution | The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2010/mar/05/meaning-life-evolution-universe)\n22. [The Science of Meaning in Life | Annual Reviews](https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-psych-072420-122921)\n23. [Explaining life: Synthetic biology and non-scientific understandings of life - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3492717/)\n24. [What is life’s purpose? A Yale psychiatrist looks to science for answers | Yale News](https://news.yale.edu/2024/03/05/what-lifes-purpose-yale-psychiatrist-looks-science-answers)\n25. [Life | Definition, Origin, Evolution, Diversity, & Facts | Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/science/life)\n26. [Meaning of Life - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics](https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/meaning-of-life)\n27. [The origin of life on Earth, explained | University of Chicago News](https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/origin-life-earth-explained)\n28. [The Science of Meaning in Life - PubMed](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32898466/)\n29. [atheism - What is the \"scientific\" purpose of existence? - Philosophy Stack Exchange](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/74115/what-is-the-scientific-purpose-of-existence)\n30. [What is life? - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8376694/)\n31. [Three Simple Ways to Find the Meaning of Life - The Atlantic](https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2021/10/meaning-life-macronutrients-purpose-search/620440/)\n32. [Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6923189/)\n33. [Meaning and Purpose | The Human Flourishing Program](https://hfh.fas.harvard.edu/determinants-purpose)\n34. [The Role of Meaning in Life Within the Relations of Religious Coping and Psychological Well-Being - PMC](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4580713/)\n35. [r/religion on Reddit: Whats the meaning of life according to your religion?](https://www.reddit.com/r/religion/comments/rpzogc/whats_the_meaning_of_life_according_to_your/)\n36. [Religion and life meaning: Differentiating between religious beliefs and religious community in constructing life meaning - ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406504000064)\n37. [The Meaning of Life | Answers from World Religions and Philosophy | The Gallerist](https://thegallerist.art/meaning-of-life-answers-from-world-religions-and-philosophy/)\n38. [The Symbolism of the Tree of Life in Various Religions and Philosophies | | Alluring World](https://www.alluringworld.com/the-symbolism-of-the-tree-of-life-in-various-religions-and-philosophies/)\n39. [Religion and the Meaning of Life](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religion-and-the-meaning-of-life/2C118CBF40B68F288B9010457F78571E)\n40. [The Image of God, Religion, and the Meaning of Life: Toward a Christian Philosophical Anthropology – In Pursuit of Truth | A Journal of Christian Scholarship](https://www.cslewis.org/journal/the-image-of-god-religion-and-the-meaning-of-life-toward-a-christian-philosophical-anthropology/)\n41. [Religion gives life meaning. Can anything else take its place? | Psyche Ideas](https://psyche.co/ideas/religion-gives-life-meaning-can-anything-else-take-its-place)\n42. [What Is the Meaning of Life? | Desiring God](https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/what-is-the-meaning-of-life)\n43. [Religious Meaning and Subjective Well-Being in Late Life | The ...](https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/58/3/S160/583377)\n44. [You don’t need a faith to find the meaning of life | Letters | The Guardian](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/02/you-dont-need-a-faith-to-find-the-meaning-of-life)\n45. [10 Different Views On The Meaning Of Life - Listverse](https://listverse.com/2014/08/16/10-different-views-on-the-meaning-of-life/)\n", "sources": [ { "title": "The Meaning of Life (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/", "description": "Seachris, J., 2021, “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective”, in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.", "content": null, "site_name": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "site_long_name": "plato.stanford.edu", "age": "2007-05-15T00:00:00.000Z", "language": "en", "image_urls": [], "links": [], "is_safe": true, "favicon": "https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?client=SOCIAL&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL&url=https://plato.stanford.edu&size=96", "snippets": [ "Goetz, S., 2012, The Purpose of Life: A Theistic Perspective, New York: Continuum. Goldman, A., 2018, Life’s Values: Pleasure, Happiness, Well-Being, and Meaning, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greene, P., 2021, “It Doesn’t Matter Because One Day It Will End”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 24: 165–82. Hanfling, O., 1987, The Quest for Meaning, New York: Basil Blackwell Inc. Hare, R. M., 1957, “Nothing Matters”, repr. in Applications of Moral Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1972: 32–47.", "Metz, T., 2021, “Life, Meaning of”, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E. Mason (ed.). O’Brien, W., 2021, “The Meaning of Life: Early Continental and Analytic Perspectives”, in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.", "Seachris, J., 2021, “Meaning of Life: The Analytic Perspective”, in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. Fieser and B.", "Some think of the afterlife in terms of one’s soul entering a transcendent, spiritual realm (Heaven), while others conceive of one’s soul getting reincarnated into another body on Earth. According to the extreme version, if one has a soul but fails to put it in the right state (or if one lacks a soul altogether), then one’s life is meaningless. There are three prominent arguments for an extreme soul-based perspective." ], "reference_number": 1 }, // Additional sources ] "geo_results": [ { "type": "place", "name": "Paris", "place_formatted": "France", "country": {...}, "language": "need_request_lang", "geoloc": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [42.947813, 1.957948] }, "additional_properties": {} }, // Additional geo results... ], "image_urls": [...], "links": [...], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 11, "output_tokens": 30730, "inference_time_tokens": 84539, "total_tokens": 115280 } } ``` ## Examples ### Simple Research ```javascript theme={null} const simpleResearch = await jigsaw.web.deep_research({ query: "What is the largest order of a non-cyclic torsion subgroup of an elliptic curve over $\\mathbb{Q}(\\sqrt{-3})$", }); console.log(simpleResearch) ``` ### Advanced Research ```javascript theme={null} const advancedResearch = await jigsaw.web.deep_research({ query: "What is the meaning of life?" max_output_tokens: 30000, // Hard upper limit of tokens target_output_tokens: 10000, max_depth: 4, // specify how many iterations of research to perform (how deep the research should be) max_breadth: 3, // specify how many subqueries to generate (how broad the research should be) }); console.log(advancedResearch) ``` ## Best Practices Deep research is an agentic process that conducts multi-step research, which can take several minutes to complete comprehensive investigations. To optimize your experience and results: ### Performance & Reliability 1. **Set appropriate timeouts**: Deep research requires time for thorough analysis. Configure higher timeout values in your HTTP client to accommodate longer processing times. 2. **Control research scope**: Use `max_depth` and `max_breadth` parameters to balance thoroughness with performance. Higher values provide more comprehensive results but take longer to complete. 3. **Manage token limits**: Set `max_output_tokens` to control response size and `target_output_tokens` to guide the desired length of your research report. ### Query Optimization 4. **Be specific and detailed**: Well-formed, detailed queries produce more focused and relevant research. Instead of "climate change," try "impact of climate change on Arctic ice melting rates 2020-2024." 5. **Provide context**: Include relevant background information, constraints, or specific aspects you want the research to focus on. 6. **Consider research depth**: For complex topics requiring extensive investigation, allow for higher `max_depth` values to enable recursive research iterations. ### Cost Management 7. **Monitor usage**: Deep research can generate substantial token usage due to its comprehensive nature. Track your API consumption and adjust parameters accordingly. 8. **Balance breadth vs depth**: Use `max_breadth` to control how many parallel research paths are explored at each level, helping manage both cost and processing time. Find more information on Deep Research API [here](/docs/api-reference/web/deep-research) Check out the Open Deep Research Framework [here](https://github.com/JigsawStack/deep-research) # Search Suggestions Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/web-search/search-suggestions Learn how to use JigsawStack's Search Suggestions API to get search suggestions for a given query ## Overview The Search Suggestions API provides intelligent search suggestions for any query, helping you build better search experiences. This API is perfect for implementing autocomplete functionality, query refinement, and enhancing user search interactions across your applications. * Intelligent query completion and refinement * Enhanced user experience with predictive search * Seamless integration with other JigsawStack APIs * Fast response times for smooth autocomplete experiences ## API Endpoint ``` GET /v1/web/search_suggestions ``` ## Quick Start ```javascript Javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsaw = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key" }); const response = await jigsaw.web.search_suggestions({ "query": "What is the capital" }) ``` ## Response ```json theme={null} { "success": true, "suggestions": [ "what is the capital of california", "what is the capital of canada", "what is the capital of australia", "what is the capital of texas", "what is the capital of the united states", "what is the capital of florida", "what is the capital of france", "what is the capital of brazil", "what is the capital of new york", "what is the capital of alaska", "what is the capital of italy", "what is the capital of japan", "what is the capital gains tax rate", "what is the capital of maine", "what is the capital of illinois" ], "_usage": { "input_tokens": 8, "output_tokens": 134, "inference_time_tokens": 162, "total_tokens": 304 } } ``` ## Common Use Cases ### Autocomplete Search Bars Perfect for implementing real-time autocomplete in search interfaces. ### Query Refinement Help users refine their search queries by showing related suggestions. ### Search Discovery Enable users to discover new search topics related to their interests. ## Tips for Effective Search Suggestions 1. **Start with partial queries**: Use incomplete search terms to get the most relevant suggestions (e.g., "what is the capital" instead of full questions) 2. **Keep queries short**: Shorter queries typically generate more diverse and useful suggestions 3. **Use common search patterns**: Leverage popular search formats like "how to", "what is", "best", etc. to get high-quality suggestions Find more information on Search Suggestions API [here](/docs/api-reference/web/search-suggestions) # Webhook Intro Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/webhook/introduction Webhooks on JigsawStack. ## Overview Webhooks are used to push real-time data to you about changes(updates) to certain API requests. All webhooks use HTTPS and deliver a JSON payload that can be used by your application. You can use webhook feeds to do things like: * Create alerts in your messaging or incident tools based on event types * Store all payload events in your own database for custom reporting/retention * Update the status of an async request in your application. ## Getting Started Create a webhook endpoint to receive requests on your server. E.g `https://your-domain.com/api/webhook` Attach your webhook endpoint to the body parameters of an API that supports webhooks. See example below: ```javascript theme={null} const endpoint = "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe"; const options = { method: "POST", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "", // Replace with your actual API key. }, body: JSON.stringify({ url: "https://rogilvkqloanxtvjfrkm.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/demo/Video%201737458382653833217.mp4?t=2024-03-22T09%3A50%3A49.894Z", webhook_url: "https://your-domain.com/api/webhook", // Replace with your actual webhook URL. }), }; const result = await fetch(endpoint, options); const data = await result.json(); ``` #### Response ```json theme={null} { "success": false, "status": "success", "id": "35643965633a84534a396dcc11252cd1", "text": "Hey guys, I'm pretty excited to talk about a new API that we're going to be releasing in Jigsaw Stack. It's our AI Scrape API, which can basically scrape any website by just prompting and giving you back structured data consistently, no matter the site." "chunks":[ { "timestamp": [ 0.96, 7.2 ], "text": " Hey guys, I'm pretty excited to talk about a new API that we're going to be releasing in Jigsaw" }, ... ] } ``` ### Webhook logs To enable webhook for the Logs, follow the steps below: * Under the Settings tab in your dashboard, select Webhook * Enable the type of logs to receive i.e `Success logs` or `Error logs` * Add webhook URL in the endpoint field. * Click `Create` button to save. Add Webhook URL Hurray! You can now receive log events. To secure your webhook, follow this guide [Secure Webhook](/docs/learn/webhook/secure) # Secure Webhook Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/webhook/secure Securing your webhook. ## Overview Webhooks are not secured by default. To secure your webhook involve the steps below: * Generate a webhook key * Attach it as a parameter in the webhook URL * Verify webhook key on your server. ## Example Generate a random secured webhook key. ```javascript theme={null} function generateHmacKey(secret, payload) { return crypto.createHmac("sha256", secret).update(payload).digest("hex"); } const webhookKey = generateHmacKey(secretKey, "leaning tower of pisa"); ``` Add the key as a query parameter to your webhook URL ```javascript theme={null} const webhookUrl = "https://your-domain.com/webhook?webhookKey=${webhookKey}"; ``` Attach webhook to request payload. ```javascript theme={null} const endpoint = "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1/ai/transcribe"; const options = { method: "POST", headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json", "x-api-key": "", // Replace with your actual API key. }, body: JSON.stringify({ url: "https://rogilvkqloanxtvjfrkm.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/demo/Video%201737458382653833217.mp4?t=2024-03-22T09%3A50%3A49.894Z", webhook_url: webhookUrl, // Replace with your actual webhook URL. }), }; const result = await fetch(endpoint, options); const data = await result.json(); ``` Verify webhook key on your server. ```javascript theme={null} app.post("/webhook", (req, res) => { const receivedHmac = req.query["webhookKey"]; // Generate HMAC const generatedHmac = generateHmacKey(secretKey, "learning tower of pisa"); // Verify the HMAC if (receivedHmac === generatedHmac) { console.log("Webhook verified and processed:", req.body); res.status(200).send("Webhook verified and processed"); } else { console.log("Webhook verification failed"); res.status(401).send("Webhook verification failed"); } }); ``` # ARES Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/aries JigsawStack AI Search powers ARES for enhanced AI capabilities Powered by ARES We're excited to announce our strategic partnership with [ARES](https://www.getares.ai/), bringing JigsawStack's powerful AI Search capabilities to their cutting-edge platform. With the ARES 3.20 update, users now have access to enhanced AI models powered by JigsawStack Search technology. ## Enhanced AI Models ### GPT-4o + JigsawStack Search GPT-4o, OpenAI's most advanced model, now leverages JigsawStack Search to access the latest information from across the web, providing accurate, up-to-date responses for your research, content creation, and information needs. * Latest data for informed decision-making * Comprehensive research capabilities * Factual grounding for better outputs ### Claude 3.5 Sonnet + JigsawStack Search Anthropic's Claude 3.5 Sonnet, known for exceptional reasoning and creative output, now incorporates real-time data through JigsawStack Search, enhancing its problem-solving capabilities and creative potential. * Current context for creative projects * Enhanced coding assistance with latest documentation * Improved analysis with real-world data ## Technical Integration Benefits ### Advanced Search Algorithm JigsawStack's proprietary search algorithm delivers precisely relevant information by understanding context and intent, not just keywords. ### Seamless Experience The integration provides a unified experience where AI models can access external information without disrupting your workflow. ### Performance Optimization Our search capabilities are optimized for speed and efficiency, reducing latency and improving the overall user experience on the ARES platform. ## Real-World Applications

Research & Analysis

Access current market data, research papers, and industry trends to inform strategic decisions.

Content Creation

Generate factually accurate content with references to current events and verified information.

Software Development

Get up-to-date coding examples, documentation, and best practices while building applications.

Business Intelligence

Analyze latest industry developments and competitive information for strategic planning.

## Getting Started To experience the enhanced capabilities of JigsawStack Search on ARES: 1. **Visit [ARES website](https://www.getares.ai/)** to create an account or log in 2. **Update to version 3.20 or later** to access the latest features 3. **Select either GPT-4o or Claude 3.5 Sonnet** with JigsawStack Search enabled 4. **Start exploring** the enhanced capabilities with real-time information access ARES offers a free trial period for new users. [Start your free trial today](https://www.getares.ai/) to experience how JigsawStack Search transforms your AI interactions. ## Developer Resources For developers interested in incorporating similar capabilities into their own applications: * [JigsawStack AI Search API documentation](/docs/api-reference/web/ai-search) ## Partnership Inquiries If you're interested in integrating JigsawStack's capabilities into your platform or product, please get in touch with [support@jigsawstack.com](mailto:support@jigsawstack.com) to discuss potential collaboration opportunities. # Google Sheets Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/google-sheets Power up your Google Sheets with JigsawStack You can easily bring JigsawStack directly in your Google Sheets. Analyze your data with real-time, AI-powered tools without writing a single line of code.

Check out our [Google Sheets Demo](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1wBrw7AtrU5Yd_8Be2CDgurEbSa40mRCsacxcpMDFtmY/edit?usp=sharing) to see how you can use JigsawStack in your Google Sheets.

## Setting up 1. Install the add on from the [Google Sheets add-on page](https://workspace.google.com/u/0/marketplace/app/jigsawstack/46775261899?flow_type=2) 2. Get your API key from the [JigsawStack dashboard](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) 3. In your Google Sheets, go to `Extensions` > `JigsawStack` > `Set up API key` Image showcasing the setup API key on Google Sheets extension tab 4. Paste your API key in the input field and click `Save` Image of saving the API key on Google Sheets ## How to use the add-on You can call all of JigsawStack’s AI tools just like a regular spreadsheet formula. Here are a few examples which are shown with autocompletion: Examples of JigsawStack functions on Google Sheets ## Parameters and Return Types Each JigsawStack function has a set of parameters and a return type. You can find more information on each parameter by clicking on the dropdown menu in the custom function. Detailed parameters for custom functions

Warning: in the case where no description is shown, please click on the question mark icon next to the custom function.

Question mark icon next to the custom function
## Error Handling Errors are shown by hovering over the cell with the error. We try out best to provide a clear error message but there are some limitations from Google Sheets. Here is an example of an error message with incorrect parameters passed: Error message with incorrect parameters

Note: Loading will also show a similar error message. This is unavoidable and is due to the way Google Sheets handles custom functions.

Loading error
## Cache ### Refreshing a specific cell By default JigsawStack's results are automatically cached in your sheets. To refresh the value of a specific cell, * Click on the Cell you want to refresh * On the keyboard type `cmd + r` (or `ctrl + r` for Windows) This will trigger a new call to our API, refreshing the value of that cell. ### Refreshing an entire sheet You can also refresh ALL cell in a sheet by navigating to Extensions > JigsawStack > Refresh All Formulas

Note: Refresh All Formulas, will clear all your existing cache.

# Hugging Face Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/huggingface Run JigsawStack APIs directly on Hugging Face Spaces using our ready-to-use Gradio interfaces Hugging Face Logo Vercel Logo ## Access JigsawStack APIs on Hugging Face [Hugging Face Spaces](https://huggingface.co/spaces) is a platform that allows developers to deploy and showcase machine learning applications using tools like Gradio and Streamlit. With JigsawStack's Spaces, you can: * **Try APIs instantly** with interactive Gradio UIs * **Share demos** with team members or users * **Explore** how each API behaves with real inputs * **Benchmark** different models quickly *** ## JigsawStack on Hugging Face We've published a set of Hugging Face Spaces to let anyone explore our APIs with zero setup. Just visit the Space and start using it—no installation or authentication required.

Summarize Text (Fastest Model)

Quickly condense long text into clear, concise summaries.

Scrape Web Pages with AI

Extract structured data from URLs using AI-enhanced scraping.

Translate to 160+ Languages (Fastest Response)

Translate text instantly to over 160 languages.

Check Images for NSFW Content (Best Model)

Identify NSFW or inappropriate image content with high accuracy.

Best & Fastest Object Detection Model

Detect and label objects in images using our optimized vision model.

Analyze Text Sentiment (Best & Fastest Model)

Detect positive, negative, or neutral sentiment in any text input.

Search Web Using AI (Best Response)

Perform semantic web searches powered by generative models.

Generate Images with Ease (Fastest Response)

Create high-quality images from text prompts quickly.

Translate Images to 160+ Languages

Extract and translate text directly from images.

Convert Speech to Text (Best Model)

Turn spoken audio into accurate, readable text.

vOCR

Visually extract structured text data from documents and images.

Generate Embedding via JigsawStack

Generate high-quality embeddings for vector search and clustering.

*** ## Want More Customization? All Spaces are open-source. You can clone the code, modify it, or self-host your own Gradio UIs using our APIs. Reach out to us if you need help embedding or customizing a demo. *** ## Community & Support * **Have questions?** Reach us at [support@jigsawstack.com](mailto:support@jigsawstack.com) * **Discuss & collaborate** in our [Discord](https://jigsawstack.com/discord) * **Submit feature requests** or ideas via GitHub or email

Help Us Grow

If you love what we're building, share our Spaces or give us a ❤️ on Hugging Face.

*** ## Explore All Our Spaces You can find our full collection here:\ 🔗 [https://huggingface.co/JigsawStack/spaces](https://huggingface.co/JigsawStack/spaces) ## Related Links * [JigsawStack API Docs](/docs/api-reference) * [Hugging Face Spaces Guide](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/spaces) * [Gradio Documentation](https://www.gradio.app/) # LangChain Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/langchain Unlock the Power of the JigsawStack on LangChain! Powered by LangChain The JigsawStack Tool provides your agent with several capabilities: * **JigsawStackAIScrape**: Scrape web content with AI-powered precision. * **JigsawStackAISearch**: Perform AI-powered web searches for high-quality results. * **JigsawStackSpeechToText**: Transcribe audio or video using the powerful large V3 Whisper model. * **JigsawStackVOCR**: Recognize and extract data from images via AI prompts. * **JigsawStackTextToSQL**: Generate SQL queries from natural language text. ## Setup 1. **Set up an [account](https://jigsawstack.com/)**: Get started for free 2. **Create and retrieve your API key**: ```bash theme={null} export JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY="your-api-key" ``` ## Installation Install the JigsawStack integration package for your project: ```bash theme={null} # npm npm install @langchain/jigsawstack # Yarn yarn add @langchain/jigsawstack # pnpm pnpm add @langchain/jigsawstack ``` ## Usage: Standalone ### Example: Using Other JigsawStack Tools ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStackAIScrape, JigsawStackAISearch, JigsawStackSpeechToText, JigsawStackVOCR, JigsawStackTextToSQL, } from "@langchain/jigsawstack"; // Example of AI Scrape Tool const aiScrapeTool = new JigsawStackAIScrape({ params: { element_prompts: ["Pro plan"], }, }); const scrapeResult = await aiScrapeTool.invoke( "https://jigsawstack.com/pricing", ); console.log({ scrapeResult }); // Example of AI Search Tool const aiSearchTool = new JigsawStackAISearch(); const searchResult = await aiSearchTool.invoke("The leaning tower of Pisa"); console.log({ searchResult }); // Example of VOCR Tool const vocrTool = new JigsawStackVOCR({ params: { prompt: "Describe the image in detail", }, }); const vocrResult = await vocrTool.invoke("https://link-to-image.jpg"); console.log({ vocrResult }); // Example of Speech-to-Text Tool const sttTool = new JigsawStackSpeechToText(); await sttTool.invoke("https://link-to-video.mp4"); // Example of Text-to-SQL Tool const sqlTool = new JigsawStackTextToSQL({ params: { sql_schema: "CREATE TABLE Transactions (transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY, user_id INT NOT NULL, ... )", }, }); const sqlResult = await sqlTool.invoke( "Generate a query to get transactions exceeding $10,000.", ); console.log({ sqlResult }); ``` ## Usage: In an Agent ```javascript theme={null} import { ChatOpenAI } from "@langchain/openai"; import { initializeAgentExecutorWithOptions } from "langchain/agents"; import { JigsawStackAIScrape, JigsawStackAISearch, JigsawStackVOCR, JigsawStackSpeechToText, JigsawStackTextToSQL, } from "@langchain/jigsawstack"; const model = new ChatOpenAI({ temperature: 0 }); // Add the necessary tools const tools = [ new JigsawStackAIScrape(), new JigsawStackAISearch(), new JigsawStackVOCR(), new JigsawStackSpeechToText(), new JigsawStackTextToSQL(), ]; const executor = await initializeAgentExecutorWithOptions(tools, model, { agentType: "zero-shot-react-description", verbose: true, }); const res = await executor.invoke({ input: "Kokkalo Restaurant Santorini", }); console.log(res.output); ``` For more details, visit the [LangChain documentation](https://js.langchain.com/docs/integrations/llms/jigsawstack/). # n8n Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/n8n Integrate JigsawStack's powerful models directly into your n8n workflows. Powered by n8n # JigsawStack AI for n8n Workflows n8n is a visual, node based workflow automation tool. With JigsawStack’s official n8n node, you can bring intelligent actions into your flows using **API endpoints that run purpose built small models**, no infrastructure or ML ops needed. JigsawStack delivers **custom small models trained for specialized use cases**, all served through fast and scalable API endpoints. These APIs plug directly into your tech stack, giving you reliable, production ready AI building blocks for your automation needs. ## How to add JigsawStack Node in your workflow ? ### n8n.cloud If you're using [n8n.cloud](https://n8n.cloud), follow these simple steps to add JigsawStack to your workflow: 1. **Click on the + icon** Click on the + icon 2. **Search JigsawStack** Use the search input field to search for our node Search jigsawstack 3. **Install Node** Hit the `install node` if not already installed Make sure it is installed 4. **Add credentials** Get your API Key from your [JigsawStack dashboard](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard). Add credentials 5. **Hit execute** Execute the node that you have selected. Hit execute ### Self-hosted n8n For self-hosted n8n installations, you'll need to install the JigsawStack node manually: 1. **Install the Node:** ```bash theme={null} npm install n8n-nodes-jigsawstack ``` 2. **Add Your API Key:** In n8n, go to Settings > Credentials\ Click "New" and select "JigsawStack API"\ Enter your API key from your [JigsawStack dashboard](https://jigsawstack.com) 3. **Add the Node to Your Workflow:** Drag the JigsawStack node into your workflow\ Select the operation you want (e.g., Sentiment Analysis, Image Generation)\ Configure the parameters as needed\ Connect with other nodes to automate your process ## Why Use JigsawStack in n8n? **Optimized for speed and cost** – Lightweight models that work fast and scale well\ **Composable inside workflows** – Integrate easily with hundreds of other n8n nodes\ **Focused on use case fit** – Each model is designed to solve real world, narrow problems\ **No ML setup required** – Just call an endpoint, no fine tuning or infrastructure Whether you're classifying content, processing images, analyzing sentiment, or extracting structured data from the web JigsawStack makes it drop dead simple to bring AI into your workflows. **Example Use Cases:** * Automatically summarize or translate incoming emails * Detect spam, profanity, or sentiment in user generated content * Generate images or speech from text for marketing automation * Scrape and extract data from websites using AI * Convert natural language to SQL for database queries * Moderate images for NSFW content before publishing * Build custom AI powered bots and automations ## Nodes available * AI Scrape * Analyze Sentiment * Convert to SQL * Generate Embedding * HTML to Any * Image Generation * Make Prediction * NSFW Detection * Object Detection * Process Image * Profanity Detection * Search Web * Spam Detection * Speech to Text * Spell Check * Summary * Translate * Translate Image * Web Suggestion ## Resources & Support * **Official n8n integration page:** [JigsawStack on n8n.io](https://n8n.io/integrations/jigsawstack/) * **Official npm package:** [n8n-nodes-jigsawstack](https://www.npmjs.com/package/n8n-nodes-jigsawstack) * **n8n Documentation:** [n8n.io](https://n8n.io/docs) If you have questions, need help with setup, or want to suggest new features, reach out to us anytime! # Postman Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/postman Explore and test JigsawStack APIs directly in Postman with our official collection Postman Logo ## Access JigsawStack APIs in Postman Postman is a popular API platform that makes working with APIs faster and easier. With our official JigsawStack Postman collection, you can: * **Explore** our complete API suite in an interactive environment * **Test** API calls with pre-configured requests * **Integrate** JigsawStack into your projects with generated code snippets * **Collaborate** with your team on API development * **Build workflows** using Postman's powerful features ## Getting Started ## Setup Instructions 1. **Create a Postman account** if you don't already have one 2. **Fork the JigsawStack collection** from our [official workspace](https://www.postman.com/jigsawstack-devrel/jigsawstack/collection/xaldj48/jigsawstack) 3. **Set up your environment variables**: * Create a new environment in Postman * Add the variable `JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY` with your API key * Set the `BASE_URL` to `https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1` ## Available API Categories Our Postman collection is organized by API category, making it easy to find and test the specific functionality you need:
Category Description Example Endpoints
Core AI Essential AI capabilities for text and data analysis Sentiment Analysis, Translation, Summary
Web & Search Web scraping and search capabilities AI Web Scraper, Web Search, HTML to Any
Computer Vision Image analysis and processing vOCR, Object Detection
Audio Speech processing and voice capabilities Speech to Text
Geolocation Location-based services and data Geo Search, Geocode
Validation Content validation and verification NSFW Detection, Profanity Check, Spell Check
File Management Cloud-based file storage and retrieval File Storage
## Workflow Examples ### Example 1: Sentiment Analysis Workflow 1. Send a request to the Sentiment Analysis endpoint 2. Visualize the sentiment score in Postman's visualization tab 3. Use the response to trigger conditional follow-up requests ### Example 2: Content Generation Pipeline 1. Generate text summaries with the Summary API 2. Translate the summary to different languages 3. Convert the translated text to speech 4. Store the audio file for later use ## Postman Features for JigsawStack ### Code Generation Easily generate code snippets for any API request in your preferred programming language: 1. Send a request in Postman 2. Click the "Code" button (<>) in the right sidebar 3. Select your programming language (JavaScript, Python, PHP, etc.) 4. Copy the generated code to your project ### Environment Variables Set up environment variables to easily switch between development and production: ```json theme={null} { "development": { "JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY": "your-development-api-key", "BASE_URL": "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1" }, "production": { "JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY": "your-production-api-key", "BASE_URL": "https://api.jigsawstack.com/v1" } } ``` ### Response Examples Each request in our collection includes example responses, helping you understand what to expect before making an API call. ## Handling Files with Postman JigsawStack APIs work the same way as our SDKs, supporting all three methods: URL, file store key, and multipart/form-data. Some APIs also support direct binary uploads for maximum flexibility. Pass the file as the `file` parameter. Additional parameters can be passed with the body. Below is a visual example of how to pass a file to the vOCR API. Postman ## Community & Support * **Join our [Discord community](https://jigsawstack.com/discord)** for questions and collaboration * **Contribute to our collection** by suggesting improvements * **Vote for JigsawStack** in the [2025 Postman Developers' Choice Awards](https://www.postman.com/jigsawstack)

Need Help?

If you have questions or need assistance with the JigsawStack Postman collection, please contact [support@jigsawstack.com](mailto:support@jigsawstack.com).

## Additional Resources * [JigsawStack API Documentation](/docs/api-reference/authentication) * [Postman Learning Center](https://learning.postman.com/) # Replicate Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/replicate Explore and run JigsawStack models on Replicate with interactive inference UIs and programmatic access Replicate Logo Replicate Logo ## Access JigsawStack APIs on Replicate [Replicate](https://replicate.com/) is a cloud platform for running machine learning models in production with a simple API. It also provides a beautiful frontend for developers and non-developers alike to test and share model outputs. With JigsawStack on Replicate, you can: * **Run powerful AI models** without setting up infrastructure * **Use the hosted playground** to quickly test inputs/outputs * **Get production-ready REST endpoints** for inference * **Integrate models via cURL, Python, JS, or serverless functions** * **Build on open-source workflows using our public models** *** ## Getting Started with JigsawStack on Replicate You can try our models on Replicate in two ways: through the interactive web interface or programmatically via their API. ### Interactive Playground The easiest way to start is by using the playground on the Replicate website. No account is needed to test models this way — just open a model page in your browser and experiment with different inputs. You will, however, need to provide your JigsawStack API key.
**Note:** To use the interactive playground, you'll need a JigsawStack API key. You can get one for free from the [JigsawStack Dashboard](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard).
Here are some of our popular models you can try right now: *** ## Community & Support * **Need help?** Email us at [support@jigsawstack.com](mailto:support@jigsawstack.com) * **Join our Discord** for model requests, feedback, and ideas: [https://jigsawstack.com/discord](https://jigsawstack.com/discord) * **Open a GitHub issue** or contact us to contribute a new model

Want to Embed a Model?

You can embed any Replicate model widget using the iframe embed option on the model page — great for documentation, blogs, or onboarding flows.

*** ## Explore All Our Models on Replicate Browse the full catalog of models by JigsawStack: 🔗 [https://replicate.com/jigsawstack](https://replicate.com/jigsawstack) *** ## Related Resources * [JigsawStack API Reference](/docs/api-reference) * [Replicate Developer Docs](https://replicate.com/docs) * [Replicate Python SDK](https://replicate.com/docs/getting-started/python) * [Replicate Pricing](https://replicate.com/account/billing) # Vercel AI SDK Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/vercel Integrate JigsawStack APIs using Vercel AI SDK to build powerful AI applications with tools and function calling Vercel Logo Vercel Logo ## Overview JigsawStack seamlessly integrates with Vercel AI SDK, enabling you to extend your AI applications with powerful tools for web scraping, computer vision, audio processing, sentiment analysis, and more. This integration allows you to leverage JigsawStack's comprehensive API suite within Vercel's AI framework. } href="https://vercel.com/templates/ai/jigsawstack-starter"> A starter kit for building AI applications with JigsawStack and NextJS. } href="https://vercel.com/marketplace/jigsawstack"> A fast and easy way to integrate JigsawStack with Vercel. ## Prerequisites Before you begin, ensure you have: * A [JigsawStack account](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) with an active subscription * Your [JigsawStack API key](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Node.js (version 18.10.0 or higher) * A project with Vercel AI SDK configured * An AI provider (OpenAI, Anthropic, etc.) set up with Vercel AI SDK ## Installation Install the required packages: ```bash npm theme={null} npm install jigsawstack ai @ai-sdk/openai ``` ```bash yarn theme={null} yarn add jigsawstack ai @ai-sdk/openai ``` ## Access JigsawStack APIs through Vercel's AI SDK You can pass JigsawStack into Vercel AI. This allows you to extend the functionality of Vercel AI by bringing any of your JigsawStack tools into your apps. To use JigsawStack with Vercel AI, simply instantiate the JigsawStack SDK by specifying Vercel AI as your provider: ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStackToolSet } from 'jigsawstack'; const toolset = new JigsawStackToolSet({ apiKey, }); const allTools = await toolset.getTools(); ``` This configures JigsawStack to return tools that can be used into your AI functions. From there, simply pass your tools into `generateText` or `streamText`. You can use any LLM supported by Vercel. ## Complete Example Here is a simple example using all the tools available with JigsawStack ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStackToolSet } from 'jigsawstack'; import { openai } from "@ai-sdk/openai"; import { generateText } from "ai"; const toolset = new JigsawStackToolSet({ apiKey, }); const allTools = await toolset.getTools(); const result = await generateText({ model: openai("gpt-4o-mini"), tools: allTools, prompt: "I absolutely love this new AI technology! It's revolutionary and amazing!", }); console.log(`text: "${text}"`); console.log("toolResults"); console.log(JSON.stringify(toolResults)); ``` ## Single and Specific Tools To get single / specific tools available with JigsawStack ```javascript theme={null} const toolset = new JigsawStackToolSet({ apiKey, }); const specificTools = await toolset.getTools({ tools: ['web_search', 'vocr', 'object_detection'] }); const sentiment = await toolset.getTools({ tools: ['sentiment'] }); ``` ## Available Tools JigsawStack provides access to various tool categories: * **General Tools**: * `sentiment` * `summary` * `embedding` * `prediction` * `text_to_sql` * **Translate Tools**: * `translate_text` * `translate_image` * **Web Tools**: * `web_search` * `ai_scrape` * `html_to_any` * `search_suggestions` * **Vision Tools**: * `vocr` * `object_detection` * **Audio Tools**: * `speech_to_text` * **Validation Tools**: * `nsfw_detection` * `profanity_check` * `spell_check` * `spam_check` # Zapier Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/integration/zapier Automate your workflow by connecting JigsawStack's AI capabilities with thousands of apps through Zapier JigsawStack + Zapier Integration ## Automate Your AI Workflows Zapier lets you connect JigsawStack with 7,000+ popular apps to automate your work and create powerful AI-enhanced workflows without writing code. Build time-saving automations by connecting JigsawStack's AI capabilities to the tools you already use.

Why Use JigsawStack with Zapier?

  • Connect JigsawStack to thousands of apps
  • Automate repetitive AI tasks
  • Process data through AI models automatically
  • No coding required
  • Free forever for core features

Get Started

Create a Zapier account and connect JigsawStack to start building automated workflows.

Connect JigsawStack to Zapier
## Supported JigsawStack Actions in Zapier JigsawStack provides the following actions that you can use in your Zaps:
Action Description Use Case
Sentiment Analysis Analyze text sentiment (positive, negative, neutral) Categorize customer feedback automatically
Speech to Text Transcribe audio files using Whisper large V3 Convert meeting recordings to searchable text
Text Summary Generate concise summaries of longer text Create article summaries for newsletters
Translation Translate text between languages Automatically translate customer communications
vOCR Extract text from images with high accuracy Process receipts and invoices automatically
Object Detection Recognize objects within images Catalog product images by detected items
NSFW Detection Detect inappropriate content in images Filter user-uploaded content automatically
Profanity Check Check text for inappropriate language Moderate comments before publishing
Spam Check Analyze text for spam indicators Filter form submissions for quality
Spell Check Detect and correct spelling errors Automatically proofread content
Email Verification Verify email deliverability and status Clean contact lists before campaigns
## Example Zap Workflows ### Sentiment Analysis for Customer Support 1. **Trigger**: New support ticket in Zendesk 2. **Action**: Analyze sentiment with JigsawStack 3. **Action**: Tag ticket based on sentiment analysis 4. **Action**: Route high-priority negative tickets to senior support staff ### Automated Content Moderation 1. **Trigger**: New forum post in Discourse 2. **Action**: Check text for profanity with JigsawStack 3. **Action**: Hold posts with flagged content for review 4. **Action**: Notify moderators of potential issues ### Multilingual Customer Communication 1. **Trigger**: New email in Gmail from international domain 2. **Action**: Detect language with JigsawStack 3. **Action**: Translate content to your team's language 4. **Action**: Send translated response back to customer ## Setup Instructions 1. **Create or log in** to your [Zapier account](https://zapier.com) 2. **Visit the [JigsawStack integration page](https://zapier.com/apps/jigsawstack/integrations)** 3. **Click "Connect JigsawStack to..."** and select an app to pair with 4. **Follow the prompts** to authorize JigsawStack and the other app 5. **Create your Zap** by selecting triggers and actions 6. **Test and activate** your automated workflow

Need Help?

Some JigsawStack APIs may not be available in the Zapier actions. If there's a specific capability you need, please contact [support@jigsawstack.com](mailto:support@jigsawstack.com) for assistance.

## Resources * [JigsawStack Zapier App Directory](https://zapier.com/apps/jigsawstack/integrations) * [Zapier Getting Started Guide](https://zapier.com/learn/getting-started-guide) * [JigsawStack API Documentation](/docs/api-reference/authentication) # Introduction Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/introduction Welcome to the JigsawStack docs! Learn about how to use and integrate small models in your application. Explore our complete list of models and API references here. Hero Light Hero Dark JigsawStack is provides a suite of custom small models plugged into the right infrastructure to power your AI applications ## Prerequisites To get the most out of this guide, you’ll need to: * **Set up an** [account](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * **Create and retrieve your** [API key](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) ## Get started Get started using the JigsawStack SDK in your project. ### Installation ```bash node.js theme={null} npm install jigsawstack # or yarn add jigsawstack # or pnpm add jigsawstack # or bun add jigsawstack ``` ```bash python theme={null} pip install jigsawstack ``` ### Usage ```javascript node.js theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); const result = await jigsawstack.web.ai_scrape({ url: "https://www.amazon.com/Cadbury-Mini-Caramel-Eggs-Bulk/dp/B0CWM99G5W", element_prompts: ["prices"], }); ``` ```py python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsawstack = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") params = { "url": "https://www.amazon.com/Cadbury-Mini-Caramel-Eggs-Bulk/dp/B0CWM99G5W", "element_prompts": ["prices"] } result = jigsawstack.web.ai_scrape(params) ``` ## Quickstart Learn more on how to get JigsawStack set up in your project. Learn how to use the JigsawStack Node.js SDK to build AI powered applications. Learn how to use the Python SDK to build AI powered applications. # Introduction Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/quick-start/node/introduction Getting started with JigsawStack Node.js SDK to build AI-powered applications Explore our complete list of models and API references here. ## Prerequisites Before you begin, make sure you have: * Created a [JigsawStack account](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Retrieved your [API key](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Installed Node.js (version 18.10.0 or higher) ## Installation Choose your preferred package manager to install the JigsawStack SDK: ```bash npm theme={null} npm install jigsawstack ``` ```bash yarn theme={null} yarn add jigsawstack ``` ```bash pnpm theme={null} pnpm add jigsawstack ``` ```bash bun theme={null} bun add jigsawstack ``` ## Configuration There are two ways to configure your JigsawStack SDK: ### Option 1: Using environment variables (recommended) Create a `.env` file in your project root: ```bash .env theme={null} JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY=your-api-key ``` ### Option 2: Direct configuration Initialize the SDK with your API key: ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "your-api-key", }); ``` ## Quick Example Here's how to use JigsawStack's AI Web Scraper to extract product information: ```javascript theme={null} import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; // Initialize the SDK (API key from environment variables) const jigsawstack = JigsawStack(); // Basic usage - extract pricing information const result = await jigsawstack.web.ai_scrape({ url: "https://supabase.com/pricing", element_prompts: ["Plan title", "Plan price"], }); ``` ## Response Format The AI scraper returns structured data based on your prompts: ```json theme={null} { "page_position": 1, "page_position_length": 3, "context": { "Plan title": ["Free", "Pro", "Team", "Enterprise"], "Plan price": ["$0", "$25", "$599", "Custom"] }, "selectors": { "Plan title": [ "h3.text-foreground.text-2xl.font-normal.uppercase.flex.items-center.gap-4.font-mono" ], "Plan price": [ "div.text-foreground.flex.items-baseline.text-5xl.font-normal.lg\\:text-4xl.xl\\:text-4xl.border-b.border-default.lg\\:min-h-\\[175px\\].py-8.lg\\:pb-0.lg\\:pt-10 p.mt-2.pb-1.font-mono.text-5xl", "div.text-foreground.flex.items-baseline.text-5xl.font-normal.lg\\:text-4xl.xl\\:text-4xl.border-b.border-default.lg\\:min-h-\\[175px\\].py-6.lg\\:pb-0.pt-6 p.mt-2.pb-1.font-mono.text-5xl", "div.text-foreground.flex.items-baseline.text-5xl.font-normal.lg\\:text-4xl.xl\\:text-4xl.border-b.border-default.lg\\:min-h-\\[175px\\].py-8.lg\\:pb-0.lg\\:pt-10 p.mt-2.pb-1.font-mono.text-4xl" ] }, ... } ``` ## What's Next? Now that you've set up JigsawStack, you can: * Explore our [API reference](/docs/api-reference/authentication) for all available models * Check out our [examples](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/examples/ai/vocr) for common use cases * Join our [Discord](https://jigsawstack.com/discord) for support Kuddos! You're ready to build powerful AI applications with JigsawStack. # Next.js Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/quick-start/node/next Learn how to integrate JigsawStack with Next.js to build AI-powered applications Explore our complete list of models and API references here. ## Prerequisites Before you begin, make sure you have: * Created a [JigsawStack account](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Retrieved your [API key](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Installed Node.js (version 18.10.0 or higher) * Set up a Next.js project ## Installation Add the JigsawStack SDK to your Next.js project: ```bash npm theme={null} npm install jigsawstack ``` ```bash yarn theme={null} yarn add jigsawstack ``` ```bash pnpm theme={null} pnpm add jigsawstack ``` ## Configuration ### Setting up environment variables 1. Create or modify your `.env.local` file in the root of your Next.js project: ```bash .env.local theme={null} JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY='your-api-key' ``` 2. For production, make sure to add the environment variable to your deployment platform (Vercel, Netlify, etc.) ## API Route Implementation JigsawStack can be easily integrated into Next.js API routes. Here's an example of a web-search API endpoint: ```javascript pages/api/web-search.ts theme={null} import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from "next"; import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsawstack = JigsawStack(); // API key will be read from environment export default async (req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) => { try { const result = await jigsawstack.web.search({ query: "What is the capital of France?", }); res.status(200).json({ results: result.results, }); console.log(result); } catch (error) { return res.status(400).json(error); } }; ``` ## Client-Side Implementation For client components that need to use JigsawStack, you should make requests through your API routes rather than directly from the client to protect your API key. ```javascript components/WebSearchButton.jsx theme={null} "use client"; import { useState } from "react"; export default function WebSearchButton() { const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false); const handleWebSearch = async () => { setLoading(true); try { const response = await fetch("/api/web-search"); const data = await response.json(); if (data.results) { // Handle successful response console.log("Web search results:", data.results); } } catch (error) { console.error("Error searching web:", error); } finally { setLoading(false); } }; return ( ); } ``` ## App Router Support If you're using Next.js App Router, you can create a route handler: ```javascript app/api/web-search/route.ts theme={null} import { NextResponse } from "next/server"; import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; const jigsawstack = JigsawStack(); export async function POST(request) { try { const { text } = await request.json(); const result = await jigsawstack.web.search({ query: text || "What is the capital of France?", }); return NextResponse.json({ results: result.results }); } catch (error) { return NextResponse.json({ error: error.message }, { status: 400 }); } } ``` JigsawStack seamlessly integrates with Next.js to provide powerful AI capabilities while maintaining best practices for security and performance. # Window.ai Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/quick-start/node/window-ai How to integrate JigsawStack with the window.ai API for browser-based AI capabilities Explore our complete list of models and API references here. ## Overview The `window.ai` Chrome API introduces native AI capabilities that run locally within the browser environment. While Chrome's native implementation is still in its early stages (available in Chrome Canary) with limited capabilities, **JigsawStack extends this concept** by providing a comprehensive suite of powerful AI utilities through the same familiar interface. By integrating JigsawStack with the `window.ai` object, you can: * Provide consistent AI capabilities across all browsers * Access advanced AI features beyond what's natively available * Create seamless browser-based AI experiences for your users ## Prerequisites Before integrating JigsawStack with window\.ai, you'll need: * A [JigsawStack account](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Your JigsawStack [Public API key](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) For client-side browser integration, always use your `public key` instead of your secret key. You can enhance security by restricting the `public key` to specific APIs or domains. Learn more about [public vs. secret API keys](/docs/api-reference/authentication#public-and-secret-api-keys). ## Integration ### Basic Setup Add JigsawStack to your browser application and assign it to the window\.ai object: ```javascript theme={null} // Import JigsawStack in a module environment import { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; // Initialize with your public key const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "pk_fecc....92je9" // Use your public key here }); // Assign to window.ai window.ai = jigsawstack; ``` For script tag inclusion: ```html theme={null} ``` ### TypeScript Support For TypeScript projects, add proper typing for the window\.ai object: ```typescript theme={null} // index.d.ts or types.d.ts import type { JigsawStack } from "jigsawstack"; declare global { interface Window { ai: ReturnType; } } export {}; ``` ## Using window\.ai Once integrated, you can access all JigsawStack capabilities through the window\.ai object: ### Sentiment Analysis ```javascript theme={null} // Analyze sentiment with a simple call const sentiment = await window.ai.sentiment("I love how easy it is to get started"); console.log(sentiment); // { sentiment: "positive", score: 0.92 } ``` ### Text Translation ```javascript theme={null} // Translate text between languages const translation = await window.ai.translate({ text: "Hello, world!", targetLang: "es" }); console.log(translation); // "¡Hola, mundo!" ``` ### Text Summarization ```javascript theme={null} // Generate a summary of longer text const summary = await window.ai.summary({ text: "Long article or document content here...", maxLength: 100 }); console.log(summary); // Concise summary of the text ``` ### Image Generation ```javascript theme={null} // Generate an image from a text prompt const image = await window.ai.image_generation({ prompt: "A serene mountain landscape with a lake" }); document.getElementById('generatedImage').src = image.url; ``` ## Complete Example Here's a complete example showing how to integrate JigsawStack with window\.ai in a web application: ```html theme={null} JigsawStack window.ai Demo

JigsawStack window.ai Demo

Sentiment Analysis

``` ## Fallback Strategy To create a resilient application that works with both native window\.ai (when available) and JigsawStack: ```javascript theme={null} // Check if native window.ai exists, otherwise use JigsawStack if (!window.ai) { const jigsawstack = JigsawStack({ apiKey: "pk_fecc....92je9" }); window.ai = jigsawstack; } // Now you can use window.ai safely const result = await window.ai.sentiment("Your text here"); ``` ## Browser Compatibility JigsawStack's window\.ai integration works across all major browsers: * Chrome * Firefox * Safari * Edge * Opera This provides consistent AI capabilities regardless of native browser AI support. # Introduction Source: https://jigsawstack.com/docs/quick-start/python/introduction Get started with the JigsawStack Python SDK to build powerful AI applications Explore our complete list of models and API references here. ## Prerequisites Before you begin, you'll need: * A [JigsawStack account](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) * Your [API key](https://jigsawstack.com/dashboard) from the JigsawStack dashboard * Python 3.7 or higher installed on your system The SDK is compatible with Python 3.7+ and works on all major operating systems (Windows, macOS, and Linux). ## Installation Install the JigsawStack Python SDK using pip: ```bash pip theme={null} pip install jigsawstack ``` ```bash pipenv theme={null} pipenv install jigsawstack ``` ```bash poetry theme={null} poetry add jigsawstack ``` ## Authentication There are two ways to authenticate with the JigsawStack API: ### Option 1: Environment Variable (Recommended) Set your API key as an environment variable: ```bash theme={null} # Linux/macOS export JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY='your-api-key' # Windows (Command Prompt) set JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY=your-api-key # Windows (PowerShell) $env:JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY = 'your-api-key' ``` Or in your project's `.env` file: ```bash .env theme={null} JIGSAWSTACK_API_KEY='your-api-key' ``` Then initialize the SDK without explicitly providing the API key: ```python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsawstack = JigsawStack() # API key will be read from environment ``` ### Option 2: Direct Initialization Provide your API key directly when initializing the SDK: ```python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack jigsawstack = JigsawStack(api_key="your-api-key") ``` ## Basic Usage Here's a quick example of using the AI web scraper to extract information from an Amazon product page: ```python theme={null} from jigsawstack import JigsawStack # Initialize the SDK jigsawstack = JigsawStack() # API key from environment variables # Define parameters for web scraping params = { "url": "https://www.amazon.com/Cadbury-Mini-Caramel-Eggs-Bulk/dp/B0CWM99G5W", "element_prompts": ["prices", "title", "ratings", "product_details"] } # Make the API call result = jigsawstack.web.ai_scrape(params) # Print the results print(f"Product Title: {result.get('title')}") print(f"Price Information: {result.get('prices')}") ``` ## Response Handling JigsawStack returns structured data as Python dictionaries. Here's how to handle the response: ```python theme={null} # Example response handling try: result = jigsawstack.web.ai_scrape(params) # Access nested data if "prices" in result: current_price = result["prices"].get("current_price") print(f"Current Price: ${current_price}") # Iterate through multiple results if "product_details" in result: print("Product Details:") for key, value in result["product_details"].items(): print(f"- {key}: {value}") except Exception as e: print(f"Error: {e}") ``` ## More Examples ### Sentiment Analysis ```python theme={null} sentiment_result = jigsawstack.ai.sentiment({ "text": "I absolutely love this product! It's amazing!" }) print(f"Sentiment: {sentiment_result.get('sentiment')}") print(f"Score: {sentiment_result.get('score')}") ``` ### Text Translation ```python theme={null} translation = jigsawstack.ai.translate({ "text": "Hello, world!", "target_language": "es" # Spanish }) print(f"Translated text: {translation.get('translated_text')}") ``` ## Next Steps Now that you've set up the JigsawStack Python SDK, you can: * Explore the [complete API reference](/docs/api-reference/authentication) to discover all available models * Try out different AI capabilities like [image generation](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/image-generation), [OCR](https://jigsawstack.com/docs/api-reference/ai/vocr), and more * Join our [Discord](https://jigsawstack.com/discord) for help and to share your projects Start building powerful AI applications with JigsawStack today!